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French Revolution > Napoleon's Impact on Europe and his downfall > Flashcards

Napoleon's Impact on Europe and his downfall Flashcards

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1
Q

Battle of Marengo

A

June 1800

Aided by arrival of reserve troops, having previously been outnumbered by the Austrians

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2
Q

Second French defeat of Austrians following the Battle of Marengo

A

Battle of Hohenlinden
December 1800
Moreau

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3
Q

Which treaty were the Austrians forced to sign following the Battle of Hohenlinden?

A

Treaty of Lunéville (February 1801)

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4
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Lunéville

A

France kept all of its former gains (Belgium), and gained Tuscany
Austria lost all its land in Italy except Venice
Left just Britain at war with France

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5
Q

The Peace of Amiens

A

March 1802
Between France and Britain
France withdrew from Holland, Naples and the Papal States
Britain returned all overseas territories taken in the past nine years to France
eg. Minorca and Malta

The peace did not last
Neither side fully honoured its terms
May 1803 - Britain declared war again

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6
Q

Battle of Trafalgar

A

October 1805
Nelson destroys a joint Franco-Spanish fleet
Franco-Spanish fleet lost 22/33 ships, whilst the British lost none
Confirmed British naval superiority and deterred Napoleon from his plans to invade Britain

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7
Q

Battle of Ulm

A

October 1805
Defeated Austrians on the River Danube
Allowed French to enter Vienna unopposed

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8
Q

Battle of Austerlitz

A

December 1805
Defeated a larger Austrians-Russian force of 90k men with only 68k French soldiers
Ended Austria’s part in the coalition
Forced the Russians to retreat

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9
Q

Napoleon’s establishment of the ‘Confederation of the Rhine’

A 
July 1806
Provoked Prussians (along with continental blockade) into joining the Third Coalition
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10
Q

Which battle did the French defeat the Prussians at?

A

Jena-Auerstadt (October 1806)

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11
Q

Which battles led to the total withdrawal of Russian troops? (1807)

A

Eylau (February)

Friedland (June)

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12
Q

Peace treaty that ended the war of the Third Coalition

A

Pressburg

December 1805

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13
Q

War of the Third Coalition

A 
End of Peace of Amiens
Trafalgar (Britain)
Ulm (Austria)
Austerlitz (Austria)
Treaty of Pressburg - December 1805
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14
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Pressburg

A

Austrian land in Italy and Bavaria were ceded to France

Indemnity of 40 million francs had to be paid to France

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15
Q

Annexation of the Papal States

A

February 1808
Diplomatic relations between the French and the Papacy were broken
Strengthened Napoleon’s continental system
Showed that the balance of power had swung firmly away from the Papacy in favour of Napoleon

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16
Q

Ingredients of Napoleonic military success

A

Grand Armee
Napoleon’s military leadership
Weaknesses of France’s enemies

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17
Q

Strengths of the Grand Armee

A

Smaller units (corps) could advance by separate routes and then concentrate for battle
Raw recruits fought alongside veterans
French public motivated to fight for “la patrie” and the revolutionary principles
14 million French men to call upon

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18
Q

Evidence of Napoleon’s strong military leadership

A

Devised military strategy (catch enemy by surprise / cut enemy in two)
Took a personal role in directing battles once troops were engaged
Motivated his soldiers (personal charisma / incentives / direct address)

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19
Q

Evidence of the weaknesses of France’s enemies

A

Generals not appointed based on merit
Out-thought by Napoleon’s strategy
Lack of unity between them

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20
Q

Values of the French Empire

A

Mark of prestige
Contributed to French income through taxes and materials
Provided men for the army
Provided an opportunity to export revolutionary values

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21
Q

Problems with the French Empire

A

Cost of administration greater than the revenue it provided
Loyalty of subjects not guaranteed
People resented imposition of French ways on their country, increasing nationalist resistance to the empire

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22
Q

Administration of the French Empire

A

Same as in France
Privilege abolished
Napoleonic legal codes applied
Centralised administration
Gendarmeries set up to reinforce central power
Well-oiled bureaucratic machine on the whole

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23
Q

Economic policies of the French Empire

A

Amount of revenue maximised
Taxes simplified
States under French control (Pays Reunis) enjoyed preferential treatment
Satellites (Pays Conquis) supplied raw materials and food for the French, and were not allowed to develop manufacturing industries that competed with French products

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24
Q

Successes of economic policies of the French Empire

A

Improved efficiencies raised the tax revenue in the Kingdom of Italy by 50% between 1805 and 1811
Belgium took advantage of ban of British cotton
Mining in the Rhineland

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25
Q

Failures of economic policies of the French Empire

A

Continental system

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26
Q

The continental system

A

Established by the Berlin Decree in November 1806
Banned all French trade with Britain
Insisted that both France’s allies and neutral countries follow suit or be treated as enemies

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27
Q

Intentions of the continental system

A

Aimed to weaken Britain by closing its European markets, forcing it to sue for peace
Hoped to increase French trade and production to fill the gap left by Britain’s inability to trade with Europe

28
Q

Why wasn’t the continental system successful?

A

French Navy and French control of the coastlines of Europe not strong enough to enforce it
Britain was able to trade with North and South America

29
Q

How did the continental system backfire on France economically?

A

British counter-action affected French producers, depriving them of raw materials
Absence of overseas trade meant that manufactured goods had to be sold within continental Europe, but there were insufficient markets, due to crippling taxation
Over-production brought a collapse in prices, and the slump was aggravated by a bad harvest

30
Q

Social policies of the French Empire

A 
Concordat of 1801 applied
Feudal privileges attacked
Civil Code imposed
Military conscription
Benefitted middle classes, but not the common people at all
31
Q

Challenges to the French Empire

A 
The continental blockade
The Peninsular War
The Austrian campaign
The Russian campaign
The War of the Sixth Coalition
32
Q

How did the continental blockade challenge the French Empire?

A

Provoked complaints and uprisings, with certain goods now unobtainable
The strains of maintaining it added to Napoleon’s commitments and military engagements
Russia opting out in 1810 led to failed Russian campaign

33
Q

How did the Peninsular War begin?

A

1808
Napoleon forced the abdications of Charles in March then Ferdinand in May using 100,000 French soldiers, entering Spain under the pretext of reinforcing the Franco-Spanish army in Portugal

34
Q

French defeats in the Peninsular War

A

Battle of Bailén
July 1808
Defeated by the Army of Andalusia
Forced the French to retreat and abandon much of Spain

Battle of Vimiero
August 1808
Duke of Wellington leads a British/Spanish army to defeat of the French

35
Q

Reasons why the Peninsular War proved to be disastrous for Napoleon

A

Half of the French soldiers who fought in the campaign were killed
Failed to enforce the Continental Blockade
Hostile peasants
Guerilla warfare
Mountainous and barren terrain meant that they couldn’t live off the land
Supply lines back to France were difficult to maintain

36
Q

Consequences of losing the Peninsular War for France

A

Eroded French military prestige
Relived pressure on Britain, easing the economic damage done by the British economy
Cast doubts on Napoleon’s military and political judgement

37
Q

Factors for French defeat in the Peninsular War

A

Guerilla warfare
British troops
Napoleon’s decision to personally withdraw from Spain at the beginning of 1809
Brilliance of Wellington
Royal Navy supplying food, equipment and troops

38
Q

Austrian campaign (War of the Fifth Coalition)

A

Austrians invaded French Bavaria in April 1809
France defeated Austria at the Battle of Eckmühl later that month, forcing an Austrian retreat
Austrians defeat the French at Essling in May
French beat Austrians at Wagram in July, but lost 34,000 men
Austrians sought peace, resulting in the Treaty of Schönbrunn (October 1809)

39
Q

Treaty of Schönbrunn

A

October 1809
Cost Austria the Illyrian provinces on the Adriatic coast, with a population of 3.5 million
Austrian army reduced to 150,000 men
Indemnity of 85 million francs had to be paid to France
Austria agreed to join the Continental Blockade

40
Q

Factors for difficulties and losses in the Austrian campaign

A 
Over-confidence
Less prepared
Less veteran presence in the army
Reliance on foreigners from satellite states
Improved Austrian army
Peninsular War had diverted troops
41
Q

Reasons for tension between Tsar Alexander and Napoleon by 1810, leading to the invasion of Russia

A

Strains of the continental system and British blockade
Napoleon’s marriage to an Austrian rather than a Russian princess
Concerns about Napoleon’s ambitions for Poland
Dissatisfied by Napoleon’s failure to help him further Russia’s ambitions in the eastern Mediterranean

42
Q

When and how did Russia leave the continental system?

A

December 1810
Put tariffs on French imports
Allowed neutral ships, which would be carrying British goods, into Russian ports

43
Q

When did Napoleon begin his invasion of Russia?

A

June 1812

44
Q

What tactic did the Russians adopt?

A

‘scorched earth policy’

Prevented the French from living off the land

45
Q

Flaws with Napoleon’s Russian campaign

A 
Had not planned for a long campaign
Poor maps
Inadequate clothing
Limited medical supplies
Relied on inexperienced recruits
46
Q

Failures of Napoleon’s Russian campaign

A

Only 10,000 soldiers remained from the Grande Armée

Triggered a new coalition (6th)

47
Q

Members of the Sixth Coalition

A 
Britain
Prussia
Russia
Austria
Sweden
48
Q

Failures of Napoleon during the War of the Sixth Coalition

A

Outnumbered at the ‘Battle of the Nations’ at Leipzig in October 1813
Refused a generous peace deal which would have allowed France to keep the ‘natural frontiers’ of the Rhineland and Belgium
Only a fraction of the 900,000 conscripts which he called for were ever raised

49
Q

Significance of the War of the Sixth Coalition

A

Led to the collapse of the French Empire

Only Italy, Belgium and Switzerland remained

50
Q

Treaty of Chaumont

A

March 1814

The allies agreed to preserve the 6th Coalition until Napoleon had been totally defeated

51
Q

Treaty of Fountainbleau

A

April 1814
Followed the allied armies entering Paris
Napoleon forced to give up his throne
Napoleon expelled to Elba

52
Q

King Louis XVIII invited to take the throne on the condition that he accepted a charter that guaranteed…

A

A constitution with a two-chamber assembly
Fair taxation
Equality before the law
Abolition of conscription
Freedom of worship
Retention of biens nationaux by their owners

53
Q

The first Peace of Paris

A

May 1814
Allies agreed to withdraw from French soil
France had to accept the borders of 1792, losing Belgium, Holland, Italy and Germany

54
Q

Reasons for failure of Louis XVIII to win over the French public, explaining their support for Napoleon’s return

A

Army officers put on half pay
High taxes
Rumours that biens nationaux would be seized and returned

55
Q

Acte Additionel

A

New constitution put forward by Napoleon in April 1815
Attempt to appeal to the liberals
Promised free elections, free press and a constitutional monarchy with a two chamber government

56
Q

Final Napoleonic battles during the Hundred Days (June 1815)

A

Defeated Prussians at Ligny

Defeated at Waterloo

57
Q

When were the Hundred Days

A

March - July 1815

58
Q

When did Napoleon abdicate?

A

22nd June 1815

59
Q

When did Napoleon surrender, and to whom?

A

15th July 1815

The British, believing them to be the most generous of his enemies

60
Q

The second Peace of Paris

A

November 1815
More punitive terms than the first Peace of Paris
French frontiers reduced to those of 1790
French forced to pay an indemnity of 700 million francs + cost of defence fortifications in neighbouring countries
Created a series of buffer states (Cordon Sanitaire)

61
Q

France in 1815 following the second peace of Paris

A

Louis XVIII relied on moderate advisers (Talleyrand and Fouché)
Ultra-royalists dominated the Chamber of Deputies
French economy prospered, benefitting from the positive reforms of the Napoleonic era as well as from being released from the continental system
Agriculture thrived following a good harvest

62
Q

Pro Napoleon

A 
Constitutional policies
Administrative policies
Legal policies
Judicial policies
Religious reforms and policies
63
Q

Anti Napoleon

A

Authoritarian state
Indirect elections
Plebiscites rigged
Abandoned the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man’
Gave titles to the Bonapartes, personal glory important to him
Administration centralised in the hands of his trusted notables

64
Q

War of the Fourth Coalition

A

Jena-Auerstadt (Prussia)
Eylau (Russia)
Freidland (Russia)
Peace of Tilsit - July 1807

65
Q

Terms of the Peace of Tilsit

A

Creation of grand duchy of Warsaw
Gained territory for Kingdom of Westphalia
120 million Franc indemnity paid by Prussia
Russia agreed to join the continental system

66
Q

Key mistakes of Napoleon

A

Peninsular War
Russian Campaign
Both motivated by the need to enforce the Continental Blockade against Britain

French Revolution (7 decks)

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