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Brain Bee National Final > The Telencephalon > Flashcards

The Telencephalon Flashcards

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1
Q

what do the telencephalon outgrowths arise form?

A

the developing HT

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2
Q

what does each telencephalon outgrowth form?

A

a cerebral hemisphere (cerebrum)

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3
Q

what dot he cerebral hemispheres consist of?

A

the pallium
the subpallial layer

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4
Q

what is the oter layer of the cerrebrum called?

A

the pallium

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5
Q

what is the inner layer of the cerebrum called?

A

the subpallium / subpallial layer

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6
Q

what layer of the cerebrum includes the cortex/future cortex

A

the pallium

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7
Q

what groups does the subpallium form?

A

deep cell groups

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8
Q

what are the major deep cell groups the the subpallium forms?

A

the striatum
the palliidum

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9
Q

in textbooks, what are the pallidum and basal ganglia collectively known as>?

A

the bsal ganglia

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10
Q

telencephalic outgrowths arise from where in the Ht>?

A

the alar plate of the ropstral HT segment

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11
Q

iwhat are the four parts of the palliyum

A

medial pallium
dorsal pallium
lateral pallium
ventral pallium

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12
Q

in mammals, most of the cerebreal cortex is derived from twhat part of the pallium?

A

the dorsal pallium

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13
Q

at is the cerebral cortex also known as>?

A

the neocortex

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14
Q

what does the dorsal pallium mainly contain?

A

the neocortex

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15
Q

what areas derive from the ventral pallium

A

olfactory system areas (the allocortex)

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16
Q

what is another name for the olfactory parts of the cortex?

A

the allocortex

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17
Q

what [art of the pallium do olfactory areas / allocortex arise from?

A

the ventral pallium

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18
Q

the lateral pallium lies between what two cortex parts?

A

between the neocortex and allocortex

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19
Q

what small neocortical area does the lateral pallium form?

A

the insual

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20
Q

what part of the pallium is the insula in?

A

the lateral pallium

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21
Q

what is the insula devoted to?

A

taste + visceral sensations

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22
Q

what does the medial pallium give rise to?

A

the hippocampus

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23
Q

what part of the pallium does the hippocmpaus arise from?

A

the medial pallium

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24
Q

what increases the massively expanded surface area of the human neocortex?

A

folding

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25
Q

what are raised areas in the cortex called?

A

gyri

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26
Q

what are grooves in the cortex called?

A

sulci

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27
Q

what separates the medial pallium (hippocamous) from the dorsal pallium (neocortex)

A

the corpus callosum

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28
Q

what is the cerebrum, divided into?

A

lobes

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29
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebrum named for?

A

the overlying cranial bones

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30
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebrum called>

A

frontal lobe
occipital lobe
temproal lobe
parietal lobe

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31
Q

what separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

the central sulcus

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32
Q

what separates the temporal lobe from the frontal + parietal lobes?

A

the lateral fissure

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33
Q

the neocortex has well defined sensory areas for:

A

touch
vsision
hearing’
taste

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34
Q

where is the vuisual cortex?

A

the occipital pole of the cortex

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35
Q

where is the auditory cortex?

A

the tem[poral lobe

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36
Q

where is the touch/somatosensory cortexc?

A

located rostrally near the frointal pole

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37
Q

the neocortex has no sensry area for:

A

olfaction

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38
Q

where is all olfactory info projected to?

A

ventral cortical areas

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39
Q

what are the ventral cortical areas that olfactory info is projected to?

A

the olfactory bulb
the olfactory tubercle
the piriform cortex

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40
Q

what is in front of the somatosensory cortex?

A

the primary motor cortex

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41
Q

what is the primary motor cortex devoted tro?

A

voluntary motor control of the opp side of the body

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42
Q

the motor cortex sends major pathways to where?

A

BS and SC

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43
Q

the motor cortex sends what major patheway to the bS?

A

the corticobulbar tract

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44
Q

the motor cortex sends what major patheway to the SC?

A

corticospinal tract

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45
Q

the motor cortex sends major pathwaysd to the bS and SC to do what>

A

initiate movement

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46
Q

abbreviation for primary somatosensory area:

A

s1

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47
Q

abbreviation for primary motory area:

A

m1

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48
Q

S1 and M1 are separated by what?

A

the central sulcus

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49
Q

abbreviation for primary auditory area:

A

a1

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50
Q

a1 and s1 are separated by what?

A

deep lateral fissure

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51
Q

abbreviation for primary visual area:

A

v1

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52
Q

v1 us almost entirely located on:

A

the medial side of the occiptial lovbe

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53
Q

in diagrams, wht may the taste cortical areas notbe seen?

A

becasue it is hidden in lateral fissure

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54
Q

at histological level, neocortex has what welldefined levels?

A

layers 1 - 6

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55
Q

what are primary sensory areas characterised by?

A

dense granule cell layers (2+4)

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56
Q

hat are the granule cell layers?

A

2 and 4

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57
Q

what is the primary motor cortex characterized by?

A

prominent pyramidal cell layer (layer 5)
virtual absense of granule ce;ll layer (layer 4)

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58
Q

t is the pyramiudal cell llayer?

A

layer 5

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59
Q

why are many layer 5 pyramidal cells lrge?

A

because theysend axons over great distances to reach MN in the SC

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60
Q

in S1, layer 4 is:

A

prominent

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61
Q

In M1, layer 4 is:

A

virtually absnet

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62
Q

what is the hippocampus involvewd in?

A

memory systems

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63
Q

what does the hippocampsu consist of?

A

the dentate gyrus
the 3 CA regions
the subiculum
the entorhinal cortex

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64
Q

hat is the hippocmnpaus responsible for?

A

short-term memory regiistration

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65
Q

where is the entoriuhinal cortex located?

A

in the parahippocampal gyrus?

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66
Q

what tool is the entorhinal cortex similar to?

A

a GPS that contains a precise 2D grid map of surroundings

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67
Q

t does the entorhinal cortex help do?

A

link memories of events to where they occured

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68
Q

the enotorhinal cortex send splace info to the hippocampus as a:

A

chain of connnections from the dentate gyrus, the CA3 region. and finally the CA1 region

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69
Q

the chain of connectins from the enotorhinal cortex to the hippocampus pass through where?

A

the dentate gyrus
, the CA3 region.
and finally the CA1 region

70
Q

what does the CA1 region do?

A

sends info to the subiculum

71
Q

what is the subiculum?

A

the output center of the hppocmapus

72
Q

where does the subiculum project to?

A

the septum
the hT

73
Q

the subiculum projects to the septum and and Ht via a large fiber bindle called the:

A

the fornix

74
Q

at are the largest specialized neuron groups under the pallium coverings?

A

the striatum
the pallidym

75
Q

what do the pallidum and striatum play an important role in?

A

movement contorl

76
Q

at are the smaller subpallial groups?

A

the amygdala
the septum
the preoptic area

77
Q

the amygdala the septum and the preoptic area are concerned with what?

A

emotional expression
behavioural patterbs

78
Q

why is it best to avoid the term basal ganglia?

A

because people define it as include differnet structures sucg as the amygdala and deep forebrain structures. insteado of only the striatum and globus pallidus

79
Q

t are the 2 parts of the striautm?

A

the caudate nucleus
the putamen

80
Q

what is the medial side of the putamen?

A

the pallidum

81
Q

what is the pallidum mainly represented by?>

A

the globus pallidus

82
Q

what brain strucutes form the brains powerful m otor control system

A

the striatum and pallidum

83
Q

t do the striatum and pallidum enable the brain to do?

A

choose froma library og inherited stereotyped behaviours according to needs at thge moment in time

84
Q

the striatum receives whar input?

A

major motor cortex input

85
Q

after receiving major motor cortex input, where does the striatum project to?

A

the globud pallidus

86
Q

where does the globus pallidus project dto?

A

the ventrolateral nucleus of the TH

87
Q

where does the ventrolateral nucleus of the TH project to?

A

the motor cortex

88
Q

what is the motor control loop in the brain?

A

motor cortex -> striatum -> globus pallidus -> ventrolateral nucleus of TH -> back to motor cortex

89
Q

the striatum forms an important dopaminergic pathway that arises from where?

A

the substantia nigra

90
Q

what are the striatum and substabtia nigra connected by?

A

an important dopaminergic pathway

91
Q

what does damage to the dopaminergic pathway that arises form the substantia nigra and connects the striatum cayse?

A

parkinsons disease

92
Q

where does the acumbens nucleus locateD in relation to caudat eand putamen?

A

ventral to rostral parts of caudate and putamen

93
Q

what is ventral to rostral parts of caudate and putamen?

A

the acumbens nculeus

94
Q

the accumbens nucleus receives dopaminergic projections from where?

A

BS

95
Q

the accumbens nucleus receives what from the BS?

A

dopaminegic projections

96
Q

wheret do dopaminergic projections from the BS that are recieved in the accumebns nucleus come from?

A

the ventral tegmental area

97
Q

where is the ventral tegmental aras in relation to the substantia nigra>

A

mediual to substantia nigra

98
Q

what do the dopaminergic projections to the accumebsn nucleus form the basis of?

A

the brains internal rewards system

99
Q

what is another name for the primary olfactory cortex?

A

the piriform cortex

100
Q

where does the substantia lie in rleation to the piriform cortex?

A

deep to piriform cortex

101
Q

where in what lobe does the amygdala located?

A

medial side of temporal lobe

102
Q

where is the amygdala in relation to the hippocmapus

A

just rostral to hippocampus

103
Q

what are the two main groups of subnuclei in the amygdala?

A

medial group
lateal group

104
Q

what is the medial group of the amygdala interconnected with?

A

the olfactory system

105
Q

what is the lateral group of the amygdala iconnect wityh? in particular what?

A

emotional response circuits
particularly fear

106
Q

the lateral amgydala group reacts to:

A

responses that signal danger

107
Q

how does the lateral amgydala group react to responses that signal dangeR?

A

reacts by activating autonomic and endocrine centres (fight or flight mechanisms)

108
Q

what are most of the reponse circuits with lateral amgdala group also interconnected witg>?

A

the hT

109
Q

what do fear and stress generate through the amygdala?

A

powerful, unconsiuous emotional memories

110
Q

unconcious fears generated by the amygdala are difficult to:

A

suppress or erase

111
Q

hieracrchial behaviour control is a major role of what?

A

the amygdala

112
Q

social hierarehcies are fundamental to aniamsl that:

A

belong in large groups hwere dominance behaviours maintain effectivenss of group strucutre

113
Q

what complex, misinterpreted behaviour has a relationship with the amygdala?

A

aggression

114
Q

what are the stongest aggressive behaviour forms in the same species related to?

A

attempts to establish a place in a hierarhcy

115
Q

in textbooks, the section with the amygdala and related structures is called:

A

the limbic system

116
Q

what is the logic behind the old term limbic system?

A

that all structures involved in emotions or primitive behaviours are lumped under the smae title

117
Q

why should the term limbic system be avoided?

A

because it can be defined in many confusing wyas

118
Q

what is deep to the cerebral cortex?

A

a thick WM layer

119
Q

in connectional terms, axons iun the cerebral WM have what 3 main types?

A

association fibers
commisural fibers
projetion fibers

120
Q

what are association fibers?

A

fibers that run from the cortex to another cortex area in the same hemisphere
(can join adjacent or long distance nuclei/strucutres, even in between diff lobes)

121
Q

what are commissural fibers?

A

fibers that join cortical aras of one hemisphere to the equivalent areas in the other hemisphere

122
Q

what are projection fibers?

A

fibers that travel downwards from the cortex to the striatum, pallidum, diecncephalon, MB, HB, SC or upwards ti the TH or cprtex

123
Q

how many commissures are there in the forebrain?

A

4

124
Q

what is the main commissure in the forebrian?

A

the corpus callosum

125
Q

what does the corpus callosum connect?

A

neocortical aras of both sides

126
Q

what are the 4 commissures in the forebrain?

A

corpus callosum
hippocampal commissure
anterior commissure
posterior commissure

127
Q

what is another name for the hippocampal commissure?

A

the fornix commissure

128
Q

what does the hippocampal/fornix commissure connect?

A

both hippocampal regions

129
Q

what does the anterior commissure connect?

A

areas of temproal lobes (including some olfactory areas)

130
Q

where is the posterior commissure?

A

in the pretectal areas of diencephalon (adjacent to MB)

131
Q

What is the corpuss callosum situated under?

A

the cingulate gyrus

132
Q

What is the corpuss callosum situated uabove?

A

the septum and the lateral ventricle

133
Q

what is the rostral end of the corpus callosum called?

A

the genu

134
Q

what does the ventral tip of the genu of the corpus callosum form?

A

the rostrum of the corpus callosum

135
Q

what is the centrral part of the corpus callosum called?

A

the body of the corpus callosum

136
Q

what is the thickened caudal end of the corpus callosum called?

A

the splenium

137
Q

mostly, fibers crossing the corpus callosum connect ___ cortex parts

A

symmetrical

138
Q

fibers crossing the genu of the corpus callosum reach where? in what shape?

A

the frontal lobe tip in U shape

139
Q

fibers crossing the genu of the corpus callosum reach the frontal lobe tip in U shape called what?

A

the forceps minor

140
Q

fibers crossing the splenium of the corpus callosum reach where? in what shape?

A

the tip of occipital lobe in a larger u shape

141
Q

fibers crossing the splenium of the corpus callosum reach the tip of occipital lobe in a larger u shape called the?

A

forceps major

142
Q

where is the hippocampal commissure in relation to the corpus callosum?

A

ventral

143
Q

the anterior commissure is at what end of the diencephalon?

A

rostral end

144
Q

the anterior commissure is where in relation to the anterior fornix columns

A

in front of

145
Q

what commissure is a useful landmark in forebrain sections at rostral diencephalon end?

A

the anterior commissure

146
Q

the anterior commissure lies at what rostral diencephalon level?

A

at the level where the interventricular foramen connects lateral and 3rd ventricles

147
Q

the preoptic areas is ___ to the anterior commissure

A

ventral

148
Q

what is the most ventral part of the subpallium

A

the anterior commissure

149
Q

what is caudal to the preoptic area?

A

rostral end of HT

150
Q

what is the anterior commissure a good marker for?

A

rostral end of hippocampus and amygdala

151
Q

what commissure is in the caudal pretectal areas?

A

the posterior commissure

152
Q

what does the posterior commissure link?

A

pretectal nuclei involved in eye reflexes

153
Q

gene expression proves that the posterior commissure lies in the:

A

caudal diencephalon

154
Q

modern studies estimate there are how many antatomically and functionally distinct areas in the human neocortex?

A

180

155
Q

what was the most influential attempt to define the major cortical areas?

A

The Brodmann areas of the cortex

156
Q

what is Brodmann area 4?

A

M1

157
Q

where is Brodmann area 4?

A

precentral gyrus

158
Q

what are Brodmann areas 9 +10?

A

prefrontal cortex

159
Q

Brodmann areas 9 +10 are ___ to M1

A

rostral

160
Q

what are Brodmann areas 1, 2 +3

A

s1

161
Q

where are Brodmann areas 1,2+3

A

post-central gyrus

162
Q

what is Brodmann area 41

A

a1

163
Q

where is Brodmann area 41?

A

temporal gyrus (mainly inside lateral fissure)

164
Q

what is Brodmann area 17?

A

v1

165
Q

where is Brodmann area 17?

A

medial surface of occipital lobe

166
Q

what are Brodmann area 44+45?

A

Broca’s area (motor speech area)

167
Q

what is broca’s area also known as?

A

motor speech area

168
Q

where are Brodmann area 44+45

A

parts of inferior frontal gyrus (immediately rostral to inferior part of the precentral gyrus in the dominant hemisphere)

169
Q

what are Brodmann area 39+40?

A

Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension area)

170
Q

where are Bordmann areas 39+40?

A

upper surface of superior temporal gyrus caudal to A1 in the dominant hemisphere
(most of Wernicke’s area -> in lateral fissure)

171
Q

what is wernickes area also known as?

A

speech comprehension area

Brain Bee National Final (10 decks)

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