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Brain Bee National Final > The Hypothalamus > Flashcards

The Hypothalamus Flashcards

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1
Q

outdated views saw the HT as a ___ tot the TH

A

ventral addition

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2
Q

what revealed the expansive roles of the HT?

A

gene expression

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3
Q

What is the HT formed by?

A

the most rostral part of the neural tube

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4
Q

the HT generates all of what from its alar plates?

A

the telencephlon

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5
Q

The HT generates the telencephalon from its what?

A

its alar plates

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6
Q

what is the most crucial centre in the developing human brain?

A

the HT

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7
Q

what are misunderstandings of the proper anatomical position of the HT due to?

A

lack of appreciation of the effect of the cervical flexure in the developing neural tube

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8
Q

what pushes the HT into its adult position under the TH?

A

the severe bend in the embryonic neuraxis

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9
Q

What has the first two neural segments?

A

HT

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10
Q

What are the neural segments in the HT?

A

the terminal prosomere
the peduncular prosomere

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11
Q

What are the first two neural segments?

A

the terminal prosomere
the peduncular prosomere

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12
Q

what does the terminal HT prosomere give rise to from its alar plate?

A

the telencephalon and eye

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13
Q

the terminal HT prosomere gives rise to the telencephalon and eye from its what?

A

its alar plate

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14
Q

what does the terminal HT prosomere give rise to from its basal plate?

A

the posterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

the terminal HT prosomere gives rise to the posterior pituitary gland from its what?

A

its basal plate

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16
Q

what is the peduncular HT prosomere connected to in the diencephalon

A

prosomere 3 in the diencephalon

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17
Q

rostrally, what is the prominent HT anatomical landmark?

A

the optic chiasm

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18
Q

caudally, what is the prominent HT anatomical landmark?

A

the mamillary body

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19
Q

in the HT, what landmark is between the optic chiasm and mamillary body?

A

the pituitary stalk

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20
Q

what is the most rostral part of the HT above?

A

the optic chiasm

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21
Q

what is the HT nucleus immediately above the optic chiasm called?

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus

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22
Q

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus serve as?

A

the brains 24 hour clock

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23
Q

What do neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus have that allow them to be the brains 24-hour clock?

A

internal timing systems

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24
Q

how can the internal timing system of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus be adjusted?

A

with light intensity info from the optic nerves

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25
Q

where does light intensity info that adjusts SCN neurons arrive from?

A

the optic nerve

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26
Q

in complete darkness, the SCN reverts to a cycle of how long?

A

25 hours

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27
Q

what is the brains clock essential for timing?

A

peaks of hormonal secretion from endocrine glands

28
Q

what is the main landmark in the central part of the HT?

A

the pituitary stalk

29
Q

what is the central part of the HT with the pituitary stalk called?

A

the tuber cinerum

30
Q

during vertebrae evolution what has become organized in a hierarchy of modules in the brain?

A

complex movements and behaviours

31
Q

during vertebrae evolution complex movements and behaviours have become organized in a:

A

hierarchy of modules in the brain

32
Q

what is at the top of the hierarchy of complex movements and behaviors in the brain?

A

survival behaviours relating to the individual as well as the species

33
Q

what do survival behaviours include?

A

eating
drinking
defensive behaviours
reproduction
basic movement patterns to explore the immediate surrounds

34
Q

what part of the brain are survival behaviours primarily controlled?

A

the HT

35
Q

how many main groups of control centres are there in the HT for survival behaviours?

A

2

36
Q

what nuclei in the HT controls defense, reproduction and ingestion behaviours?

A

the ventrolateral nucleus

37
Q

where in the HT is the ventrolateral nucleus?

A

the medial half of the HT

38
Q

each set of survival behaviours is related to:

A

one particular set of HT nuclei

39
Q

what HT nuclei initiates foraging and exploratory behaviours?

A

nuclei in the mamillary body

40
Q

where are the nuclei in the mamillary body that initiate foraging and exploratory behaviours?

A

caudal HT
nearby MB: the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

41
Q

what are examples of foraging/exploratory behaviours that nuclei in the mamillary body initiate.

A

turning the head + eyes towards an object of interest
running to explore surroundings

42
Q

what is described as the ‘leader in the endocrine orchestra’?

A

the pituitary gland

43
Q

what is described as the ‘conductor in the endocrine orchestra’?

A

the HT

44
Q

The HT has powerful neurons groups that control what in the pituitary gland?

A

hormonal secretion

45
Q

what controls hormonal secretion in the pituitary gland?

A

the HT

46
Q

the HT directly instructs and controls hormonal secretion where?

A

in the pituitary gland

47
Q

large neurosecretory cells in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei send axons where?

A

to the posterior pituitary

48
Q

what send their axons to the posterior pituitary?

A

large neurosecretory cells in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

49
Q

the posterior pituitary releases what into the bloodstream?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

50
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates contraction of the uterus at birth
initiates milk secretion after birth
plays a role in adult pair bonding and maternal-infant attachment

51
Q

what is another name for vasopressin?

A

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

52
Q

what does vasopressin/ADH do?

A

increases blood pressure
controls urine production

53
Q

where does vasopressin influence?

A

kidney tubules

54
Q

where does oxytocin influence?

A

mammary glands
uterus muscles

55
Q

what does the HT less directly control?

A

the anterior pituitary

56
Q

does the HT control the anterior or posterior pituitary more directly?

A

the posterior pituitary is controlled more directly

57
Q

What does PVN stand for?

A

paraventricular nucleus

58
Q

what does SCN stand for?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

59
Q

cells in the PVN release tiny amounts of releasing hormone into what?

A

specialized blood portal system

60
Q

cells in the PVN release tiny amounts of what into the blood portal system?

A

releasing hormone

61
Q

the blood portal system carries releasing hormones from the PVN to where?

A

the anterior pituitary

62
Q

the blood portal system connecting the anterior pituitary and PVN consists of what?

A

2 capillary sets connected by a portal vein

63
Q

what does the 1st capillary bed in the anterior pituitary portal system do?

A

collects releasing hormones from the HT

64
Q

what do the small portal veins in the anterior pituitary portal system do?

A

transport releasing hormones to the 2nd capillary bed in the anterior pituitary

65
Q

what do releasing hormones from the HT reach in the anterior pituitary?

A

endocrine secreting cells

66
Q

what does releasing hormone stimulate in the anterior pituitary?

A

the release of major hormones from the anterior pituitary cells

67
Q

in the anterior pituitary, what are the major hormones whose releases are stimulated by releasing hormones from the PVN/HT?

A

growth hormone (GH),
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
prolactin (PRL),
luteinizing hormone (LH).

Brain Bee National Final (10 decks)

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