The tapeworms Flashcards
The tapeworms
Class Cestoda
- Subclass Eucestoda
- Subclass Cotyloda
True tapeworms”
▪ Possessing a scolex with 4 armed or unarmed suckers
▪ Segmentation is distinct
▪ Eggs are non-operculated
1 larval form & 1 IH
Class Cestoda
- Subclass Eucestoda
“Pseudo-tapeworms”
▪ Possessing a scolex with 2 longitudinal slits
▪ Segmentation is not as distinct
▪ Eggs are operculated
2 larval form & 2 IH
Class Cestoda
-Subclass Cotyloda
The segmented body: each segment is called proglottid.
Types of proglottid
-strobilla
1. immature proglottid
2. mature proglottid
3.gravid proglottid
A segment in the stroblia, which is a reproductive unit
Proglottid
encloses and protect group of eggs and is form from the uterus before it disintegrated
Hyaline egg capsules
denser areas of fibromuscular tissue of the parenchyma and are dilatations of the uterus which persist after the uterus has disappeared; it assumes the function of a uterus
Par-uterine organs
hexacanth embryo that is bilaterally symmetrical, spherical or oval, and is armed with 3 pairs of hooks
Oncosphere
a thick, dark, radially striated ‘shell’, and is the principal and most resistant covering of many oncosphere.
Embryophore
A metacestode with a single invaginated scolex withdrawn into a small, solid cyst.
Cysticercoid
A metacestode with a single invaginated scolex withdrawn into a single fluid-filled cyst or bladder.
Cysticercus
A single scolex, which is not invaginated when fully developed, and is attached to the bladder by a long segmented strobila
Strobilocercus
A large fluid-filled cyst/bladder similar to cysticercus, but with numerous invaginated scolices attached to the cyst wall.
Coenurus
large fluid-filled cyst/bladder which develops other cysts called brood capsules, in which the scolices develop.
Hyadatid cyst
an elongate, solid-bodies metacestode with a deeply invaginates acetabular scolex.
- Found only in Mesocestoides.
Tetrathyridium
The first metacestode stage in the life cycle of Pseudophyllidea and Diphyllidae (insidet their 1st IH)
- A solid bodied form that bears hooks on the posterior region
Procercoid
The 2nd metacestode stage in the life cycle of Pseudophyllidea and Diphyllidae (inside their 2nd IH)
- Elongate, solid bodied metacestodes which bear an adult scolex
Plerocercoid
Essentially tapeworms of horses and ruminants
➢ The scolex has no rostellum and no hooks
➢ Each proglottid has 1 or 2 sets of genital organs
➢ When gravid, the uterus persists as a transverse or network of tubes.
ntermediate hosts: Forage mites from the family Oribatidae
➢ Larval form: Cysticercoid
Family Anoplocephalidae
Important members of FAmily Anoplocephalidae
DH: equine
-Anoplocephala perfoliata
-Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mamillana
DH: ruminants
-Monieza expansa
-Monieza benedini
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Sucker with lappets
DH: Horses
IH: Oribatid mites / forage mites
Ps: Small and large intestine
disease: ulcerative lesions on mucosa of ileocaecal oriface
Anoplocephala magna
Largest tapeworm in equine
Scolex is larger (4-6 mm wide) and without ‘lappets’
DH: horses
IH oribatid mite
PS small intestine (jejunum)
Disease: Catarrhal or hemorrhagic enteritis
Paranocephala mamillana
▪ May reach 6-50 cm long and 4-6 cm wide
▪ Scolex is narrow and the opening of the suckers are slit-like and situated dorsally and ventrally
▪ Lappets are absent
DH: horses
IH: oribatid mites
PS: small intestine, stomach
disease: Catarrhal or hemorrhagic enteritis
Monieza expansa
▪ May reach 600 cm long and 1.6 cm wide
▪ Scolex has 4 prominent suckers; No rostellum, no hooks
▪ Has a row of inter-proglottid glands along the would width of the posterior margin of each proglottid
DH: ruminants
IH: oribatid mites
PS: small intestine
disease: Diarrhea, intestinal obstruction
Monieza benedeni
broader and having the inter-proglottidal glands arranged in a short, continuous row close to the middle of the posterior margin
DH: ruminants (cattle)
IH: oribatid mites
PS: small intestine
disease: Diarrhea, intestinal obstruction
Cittotaenia ctenoides
DH: rabbits
IH: oribatid mites
PS: small intestine
Disease: Digestive disturbances, emaciation, death
Avitellina centripunctata
Family Thyasomatidae
DH: ruminants
IH: psocids
PS: small intestine
Stilesa hepatica
Family Thysomatidae
DH: ruminants
IH: oribatid mites
PS: bile ducts
disease: Bile ducts may be occluded or have thickened walls, and slight liver cirrhosis
Stilesa globlipunctata
DH: ruminants
IH: oribatid mites psocids
Ps: small intestine
DS:Nodule formation, proliferative inflammation, cell infiltration, and epithelial desquamation of the intestinal mucosa
Thysanosoma actinoides
“fringed tapeworm”
DH: ruminants
IH: Psocids
Ps: Bile duct, pancreatic duct, small intestine
DS: May partly obstruct bile flow and pancreatic juice and cause digestive disorders and unthriftiness.
treatment, control & prevention for Anoplocephala, Paranoplocephala
- Pyrantel
- Praziquantel
- Mebendazole
- Bithionol
Hygiene and proper disposal of fecal waste
treatment, control & prevention for Monieza, Avitellina Stilesia, Thysanosoma
- Niclosamide
- Praziquantel
- Bunamidine
- Benzimidazole anthelminthics
Avoiding the uses of the same pastures for young animals in consecutive years
➢ The tapeworms in this family are found in the small intestines of mainly birds, but can also parasitize mammals
➢ They are characterized by having rows of hooks on both rostellum and suckers
➢ The uterus is replaced by egg capsules in gravid segments/proglottids
➢ Larval form: cysticercoid
Family Davaineidae
Davainea proglottina
“minute tapeworm / small chicken tapeworm”
-4-9 proglottid
DH: avians
IH: slugs and land snails
PS: small intestine (duodenum)
DS: Necrosis of intestinal mucosa, haemorrhagic enteritis
The largest of the fowl tapeworms (can reach up to 25 cm long)
-Armed rostellum (2 rows of 100 hooks)
- neck is prominent
- Oval suckers (armed)
Raillietina tetragona
Raillietina tetragona
DH: avian
IH: ants, possible musca domestica
PS: small intestine (posterior half)
DS:Weight loss, decreased production (in heavy infections)
Raillietina echinobothridia
DH: chicken, turkey
IH: ants
Ps: small intestine
DS: Nodule formation at the site of attachment, and hyperplastic enteritis
-round suckers (armed)
-armed rostellum (2 rows of 200 hooks)
- neck is absent
- Most pathogenic fowl tapeworm
Raillietina echinobothridia
shortest species of fowl tapeworm (4-5cm)
- small suckers
- armed rostellum (2 rows of 400-500 hooks)
neck is absent
Raillietina cesticillus
Raillietina cesticillus
DH: chicken, turkey, guinea fowl
IH: musca domestica, beetles, cockroaches
Ps: small intestine
DS: Weight loss, decreased production (in heavy infections)
➢ Small to medium-sized tapeworms that are parasitic to fowl, dogs, and cats.
➢ Characterized with a retractable rostellum that is armed with several rows of hooks
IH: arthropods or earthworms
include important members
Family Dilepidiae
-Dipylidium caninum
-Amoebotaenia cuneata
- Choanotaenia infundibulum
Dipylidium caninum
Dh: Dog, cat, fox
IH: Ctenocephalides spp., Pulex irritans, Trichodectes canis
PS: small intestine
DS: Pruritis Ani, Diarrhea, constipation, pot-bellied appearance, rarely obstruction of intestines;
Amoetaenia cuneata
Family Dilepidae
-triangular strobila
DH: chickens
IH: earthworms
PS: Intestine
DS: Weight loss, decreased production (in heavy infections)
Choanotaenia infundibulum
-strobila with saw-edge margin
-triangular scolex
DH: Avians
IH: Musca domestica, Beetles, poss grasshopper
PS: small intestine
DS: Weight loss, decreased production (in heavy infections)
▪ Most common tapeworm of man in the tropic and subtropic, as well as in wild and laboratory rodents
▪ Adults are slender and 25-40 mm long
▪ The rostellum bears a single row of 20-30 hooks
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis nana
“dwarf tapeworm”
Rostellum armed and retractable
Dh: rodents, primates, man
IH: fleas. flour beetles
PS: Small intestine
DS: Man: anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Rodents: retarded growth, weight loss
The difference of eggs between Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta
H.nana : polar filaments in capsule giving it a rough appearance
H. diminuta : lack of polar filaments = clear appearance
Hymenolepis lanceolata
One of the most harmful tapeworm in Family Hymenolepididae
Dh: duck, geese
IH: aquatic crustaceans
PS: small intestines
DS: Reduced performance, diarrhea
Identified by the presence of a folded expansion on the anterior end called pseudoscolex.
Metacestode form: Cysticercoid
Family Fimbriariidae
Fimbriaria fasciolaris
DH: Chicken, anseriform birds
IH: Copepods
Ps: small intestines
DS: non-pathogenic
tapeworms that parasitizes the small intestine of carnivores and humans
IH: prey animals (parasite is more pathogenic in the IH)
Subclass Eucestoda
Family Taeniidae
Taenia saginata
beef tapeworm
DH: man (small intestine)
IH: cattle, ruminants (masseter muscles, heart, diaphragm, tongue)
Metacestode: Cysticercus bovis
Taenia solium
pork tapeworm
DH: Man
PS DH: adult - SI; cysticerci - SC, tissue, brain, ocular
IH: pig (ps- masseter, heart, tongue, shoulder muscles)
Metacestode: Cysticercus cellulosae
DS: neurocysticercosis in man
Taenia hydatigena
metacestode: Cysticercus teniocollis
DH: dogs, wolves, canidae (small intestine)
IH: ruminants, sheep (greater omentum, mesenteries serosal surface of organs
DS: In the IH: Traumatic hepatitis (due to migration of cysticerci in liver causing haemorrhage and fibrosis)
In the DH: diarrhea or constipation, pot-bellied appearance (especially in young)
Taenia multiceps
Metacestode: Coenurus cerebralis
DH: Canidae (small intestine)
IH: ruminants, sheep (brain, spinal cord)
DS in IH: Acute meningoencephalitis
Taenia ovis
DH: dogs, carnivores (SI)
IH: Sheep, goat (muscles)
Metacestode: Cysticercus ovis
Taenia pisiformis
DH: canidae (SI)
IH: rabbits, hares (muscles)
Cysticercus pisiformis
Taenia taeniaeformis
DH: Felidae (SI)
IH: rodents, rabbits (liver)
Meta: Cysticercus fasciolaris > Strobilocercus
Taenia serialis
DH: Canidae (SI)
IH: lagomorphs, rabbits ( SC and IM tissues)
Meta: Coenurus serialis
Echinococcus granulosa
Metacestode: Hydatid Cysts
DH: Canidae (SI)
IH: Sheep, ungulates, man (liver, lungs)
Disease: In the IH: Hydatidosis (impaired function of organs affected with the cysts), and anaphylactic shock (as a result of cyst rupture)
In the DH: Enteritis (only in heavy infections)
Echinococcus multilocularis
DH: canidae (SI)
IH: Rodents, pigs (liver)
Meta: Hydatid
Diphyllobothrium latum
Broad fish tapeworm
Yellowish-gray in color with dark central markings in the proglottids
“rosette-shaped uterus”
DH: Man, dog, cat, fish-eating mammals (SI)
IH 1: Copepods (procercoid)
IH 2 : Fresh water fish (plerocercoid)
Ds: Vit B12 deficiency
Known commonly as “zipper tapeworms”, they are small to medium sized tapeworms that parasitizes dogs, cats, and wild carnivores and an occasional human zoonosis (sparganosis)
➢ The central uterus has a spiral form
Genus Spirometra
Spirometra mansoni
DH: dog, cat, man, carnivores (SI)
IH 1: copepods -cyclops
IH2: Amphibian, reptiles, birds
DS: In man: the plerocercoids causes Sparganosis
