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Helminthology > The tapeworms > Flashcards

The tapeworms Flashcards

1
Q

The tapeworms

A

Class Cestoda
- Subclass Eucestoda
- Subclass Cotyloda

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2
Q

True tapeworms”
▪ Possessing a scolex with 4 armed or unarmed suckers
▪ Segmentation is distinct
▪ Eggs are non-operculated
1 larval form & 1 IH

A

Class Cestoda
- Subclass Eucestoda

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3
Q

“Pseudo-tapeworms”
▪ Possessing a scolex with 2 longitudinal slits
▪ Segmentation is not as distinct
▪ Eggs are operculated
2 larval form & 2 IH

A

Class Cestoda
-Subclass Cotyloda

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4
Q

The segmented body: each segment is called proglottid.
Types of proglottid

A

-strobilla
1. immature proglottid
2. mature proglottid
3.gravid proglottid

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5
Q

A segment in the stroblia, which is a reproductive unit

A

Proglottid

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6
Q

encloses and protect group of eggs and is form from the uterus before it disintegrated

A

Hyaline egg capsules

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7
Q

denser areas of fibromuscular tissue of the parenchyma and are dilatations of the uterus which persist after the uterus has disappeared; it assumes the function of a uterus

A

Par-uterine organs

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8
Q

hexacanth embryo that is bilaterally symmetrical, spherical or oval, and is armed with 3 pairs of hooks

A

Oncosphere

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9
Q

a thick, dark, radially striated ‘shell’, and is the principal and most resistant covering of many oncosphere.

A

Embryophore

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10
Q

A metacestode with a single invaginated scolex withdrawn into a small, solid cyst.

A

Cysticercoid

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11
Q

A metacestode with a single invaginated scolex withdrawn into a single fluid-filled cyst or bladder.

A

Cysticercus

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12
Q

A single scolex, which is not invaginated when fully developed, and is attached to the bladder by a long segmented strobila

A

Strobilocercus

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13
Q

A large fluid-filled cyst/bladder similar to cysticercus, but with numerous invaginated scolices attached to the cyst wall.

A

Coenurus

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14
Q

large fluid-filled cyst/bladder which develops other cysts called brood capsules, in which the scolices develop.

A

Hyadatid cyst

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15
Q

an elongate, solid-bodies metacestode with a deeply invaginates acetabular scolex.
- Found only in Mesocestoides.

A

Tetrathyridium

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16
Q

The first metacestode stage in the life cycle of Pseudophyllidea and Diphyllidae (insidet their 1st IH)
- A solid bodied form that bears hooks on the posterior region

A

Procercoid

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17
Q

The 2nd metacestode stage in the life cycle of Pseudophyllidea and Diphyllidae (inside their 2nd IH)
- Elongate, solid bodied metacestodes which bear an adult scolex

A

Plerocercoid

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18
Q

Essentially tapeworms of horses and ruminants
➢ The scolex has no rostellum and no hooks
➢ Each proglottid has 1 or 2 sets of genital organs
➢ When gravid, the uterus persists as a transverse or network of tubes.
ntermediate hosts: Forage mites from the family Oribatidae
➢ Larval form: Cysticercoid

A

Family Anoplocephalidae

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19
Q

Important members of FAmily Anoplocephalidae

A

DH: equine
-Anoplocephala perfoliata
-Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mamillana
DH: ruminants
-Monieza expansa
-Monieza benedini

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20
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata

A

Sucker with lappets
DH: Horses
IH: Oribatid mites / forage mites
Ps: Small and large intestine
disease: ulcerative lesions on mucosa of ileocaecal oriface

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21
Q

Anoplocephala magna

A

Largest tapeworm in equine
Scolex is larger (4-6 mm wide) and without ‘lappets’
DH: horses
IH oribatid mite
PS small intestine (jejunum)
Disease: Catarrhal or hemorrhagic enteritis

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22
Q

Paranocephala mamillana

A

▪ May reach 6-50 cm long and 4-6 cm wide
▪ Scolex is narrow and the opening of the suckers are slit-like and situated dorsally and ventrally
▪ Lappets are absent
DH: horses
IH: oribatid mites
PS: small intestine, stomach
disease: Catarrhal or hemorrhagic enteritis

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23
Q

Monieza expansa

A

▪ May reach 600 cm long and 1.6 cm wide
▪ Scolex has 4 prominent suckers; No rostellum, no hooks
▪ Has a row of inter-proglottid glands along the would width of the posterior margin of each proglottid
DH: ruminants
IH: oribatid mites
PS: small intestine
disease: Diarrhea, intestinal obstruction

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24
Q

Monieza benedeni

A

broader and having the inter-proglottidal glands arranged in a short, continuous row close to the middle of the posterior margin
DH: ruminants (cattle)
IH: oribatid mites
PS: small intestine
disease: Diarrhea, intestinal obstruction

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25
Q

Cittotaenia ctenoides

A

DH: rabbits
IH: oribatid mites
PS: small intestine
Disease: Digestive disturbances, emaciation, death

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26
Q

Avitellina centripunctata

A

Family Thyasomatidae
DH: ruminants
IH: psocids
PS: small intestine

27
Q

Stilesa hepatica

A

Family Thysomatidae
DH: ruminants
IH: oribatid mites
PS: bile ducts
disease: Bile ducts may be occluded or have thickened walls, and slight liver cirrhosis

28
Q

Stilesa globlipunctata

A

DH: ruminants
IH: oribatid mites psocids
Ps: small intestine
DS:Nodule formation, proliferative inflammation, cell infiltration, and epithelial desquamation of the intestinal mucosa

29
Q

Thysanosoma actinoides

A

“fringed tapeworm”
DH: ruminants
IH: Psocids
Ps: Bile duct, pancreatic duct, small intestine
DS: May partly obstruct bile flow and pancreatic juice and cause digestive disorders and unthriftiness.

30
Q

treatment, control & prevention for Anoplocephala, Paranoplocephala

A
  • Pyrantel
  • Praziquantel
  • Mebendazole
  • Bithionol
    Hygiene and proper disposal of fecal waste
31
Q

treatment, control & prevention for Monieza, Avitellina Stilesia, Thysanosoma

A
  • Niclosamide
  • Praziquantel
  • Bunamidine
  • Benzimidazole anthelminthics
    Avoiding the uses of the same pastures for young animals in consecutive years
32
Q

➢ The tapeworms in this family are found in the small intestines of mainly birds, but can also parasitize mammals
➢ They are characterized by having rows of hooks on both rostellum and suckers
➢ The uterus is replaced by egg capsules in gravid segments/proglottids
➢ Larval form: cysticercoid

A

Family Davaineidae

33
Q

Davainea proglottina

A

“minute tapeworm / small chicken tapeworm”
-4-9 proglottid
DH: avians
IH: slugs and land snails
PS: small intestine (duodenum)
DS: Necrosis of intestinal mucosa, haemorrhagic enteritis

34
Q

The largest of the fowl tapeworms (can reach up to 25 cm long)
-Armed rostellum (2 rows of 100 hooks)
- neck is prominent
- Oval suckers (armed)

A

Raillietina tetragona

35
Q

Raillietina tetragona

A

DH: avian
IH: ants, possible musca domestica
PS: small intestine (posterior half)
DS:Weight loss, decreased production (in heavy infections)

36
Q

Raillietina echinobothridia

A

DH: chicken, turkey
IH: ants
Ps: small intestine
DS: Nodule formation at the site of attachment, and hyperplastic enteritis

37
Q

-round suckers (armed)
-armed rostellum (2 rows of 200 hooks)
- neck is absent
- Most pathogenic fowl tapeworm

A

Raillietina echinobothridia

38
Q

shortest species of fowl tapeworm (4-5cm)
- small suckers
- armed rostellum (2 rows of 400-500 hooks)
neck is absent

A

Raillietina cesticillus

39
Q

Raillietina cesticillus

A

DH: chicken, turkey, guinea fowl
IH: musca domestica, beetles, cockroaches
Ps: small intestine
DS: Weight loss, decreased production (in heavy infections)

40
Q

➢ Small to medium-sized tapeworms that are parasitic to fowl, dogs, and cats.
➢ Characterized with a retractable rostellum that is armed with several rows of hooks
IH: arthropods or earthworms
include important members

A

Family Dilepidiae
-Dipylidium caninum
-Amoebotaenia cuneata
- Choanotaenia infundibulum

41
Q

Dipylidium caninum

A

Dh: Dog, cat, fox
IH: Ctenocephalides spp., Pulex irritans, Trichodectes canis
PS: small intestine
DS: Pruritis Ani, Diarrhea, constipation, pot-bellied appearance, rarely obstruction of intestines;

42
Q

Amoetaenia cuneata

A

Family Dilepidae
-triangular strobila
DH: chickens
IH: earthworms
PS: Intestine
DS: Weight loss, decreased production (in heavy infections)

43
Q

Choanotaenia infundibulum

A

-strobila with saw-edge margin
-triangular scolex
DH: Avians
IH: Musca domestica, Beetles, poss grasshopper
PS: small intestine
DS: Weight loss, decreased production (in heavy infections)

44
Q

▪ Most common tapeworm of man in the tropic and subtropic, as well as in wild and laboratory rodents
▪ Adults are slender and 25-40 mm long
▪ The rostellum bears a single row of 20-30 hooks

A

Hymenolepis nana

45
Q

Hymenolepis nana

A

“dwarf tapeworm”
Rostellum armed and retractable
Dh: rodents, primates, man
IH: fleas. flour beetles
PS: Small intestine
DS: Man: anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Rodents: retarded growth, weight loss

46
Q

The difference of eggs between Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta

A

H.nana : polar filaments in capsule giving it a rough appearance

H. diminuta : lack of polar filaments = clear appearance

47
Q

Hymenolepis lanceolata

A

One of the most harmful tapeworm in Family Hymenolepididae
Dh: duck, geese
IH: aquatic crustaceans
PS: small intestines
DS: Reduced performance, diarrhea

48
Q

Identified by the presence of a folded expansion on the anterior end called pseudoscolex.
Metacestode form: Cysticercoid

A

Family Fimbriariidae

49
Q

Fimbriaria fasciolaris

A

DH: Chicken, anseriform birds
IH: Copepods
Ps: small intestines
DS: non-pathogenic

50
Q

tapeworms that parasitizes the small intestine of carnivores and humans
IH: prey animals (parasite is more pathogenic in the IH)

A

Subclass Eucestoda
Family Taeniidae

51
Q

Taenia saginata

A

beef tapeworm
DH: man (small intestine)
IH: cattle, ruminants (masseter muscles, heart, diaphragm, tongue)

Metacestode: Cysticercus bovis

52
Q

Taenia solium

A

pork tapeworm
DH: Man
PS DH: adult - SI; cysticerci - SC, tissue, brain, ocular
IH: pig (ps- masseter, heart, tongue, shoulder muscles)
Metacestode: Cysticercus cellulosae
DS: neurocysticercosis in man

53
Q

Taenia hydatigena

A

metacestode: Cysticercus teniocollis
DH: dogs, wolves, canidae (small intestine)
IH: ruminants, sheep (greater omentum, mesenteries serosal surface of organs
DS: In the IH: Traumatic hepatitis (due to migration of cysticerci in liver causing haemorrhage and fibrosis)
In the DH: diarrhea or constipation, pot-bellied appearance (especially in young)

54
Q

Taenia multiceps

A

Metacestode: Coenurus cerebralis
DH: Canidae (small intestine)
IH: ruminants, sheep (brain, spinal cord)
DS in IH: Acute meningoencephalitis

55
Q

Taenia ovis

A

DH: dogs, carnivores (SI)
IH: Sheep, goat (muscles)

Metacestode: Cysticercus ovis

56
Q

Taenia pisiformis

A

DH: canidae (SI)
IH: rabbits, hares (muscles)
Cysticercus pisiformis

57
Q

Taenia taeniaeformis

A

DH: Felidae (SI)
IH: rodents, rabbits (liver)
Meta: Cysticercus fasciolaris > Strobilocercus

58
Q

Taenia serialis

A

DH: Canidae (SI)
IH: lagomorphs, rabbits ( SC and IM tissues)
Meta: Coenurus serialis

59
Q

Echinococcus granulosa

A

Metacestode: Hydatid Cysts
DH: Canidae (SI)
IH: Sheep, ungulates, man (liver, lungs)
Disease: In the IH: Hydatidosis (impaired function of organs affected with the cysts), and anaphylactic shock (as a result of cyst rupture)
In the DH: Enteritis (only in heavy infections)

60
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis

A

DH: canidae (SI)
IH: Rodents, pigs (liver)
Meta: Hydatid

61
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Broad fish tapeworm
Yellowish-gray in color with dark central markings in the proglottids
“rosette-shaped uterus”
DH: Man, dog, cat, fish-eating mammals (SI)
IH 1: Copepods (procercoid)
IH 2 : Fresh water fish (plerocercoid)
Ds: Vit B12 deficiency

62
Q

Known commonly as “zipper tapeworms”, they are small to medium sized tapeworms that parasitizes dogs, cats, and wild carnivores and an occasional human zoonosis (sparganosis)
➢ The central uterus has a spiral form

A

Genus Spirometra

63
Q

Spirometra mansoni

A

DH: dog, cat, man, carnivores (SI)
IH 1: copepods -cyclops
IH2: Amphibian, reptiles, birds
DS: In man: the plerocercoids causes Sparganosis

Helminthology (3 decks)

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