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Making of a super power 1865-1975 > The Superpower 1945-1975 > Flashcards

The Superpower 1945-1975 Flashcards

1
Q

FP - 1945-51 - Post war relations

A
  • Truman:
    + Worried about forcing of communism on Eastern European countries
    + USSR was seeking to no just protect its borders from any future invasions
    + 1946 Churchill spoke of an Iron Curtain to stop the spread
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2
Q

FP - 1945-51 - Truman Doctrine

A
  • Truman Doctrine:
    + 1947 - imply the USA would stem the spread of Communism
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3
Q

FP - 1945-51 - Marshall Aid

A
  • Marshall Aid
    + offering a $13b package to help European countries to recover from the effects of ww2
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4
Q

FP - 1945-51- Berlin Airlift

A
  • Berlin Airlift
    + 1948-49
    + Germany had been divided into 4 zones with Berlin was divided but physically lay within the Soviet Union
    + 1948 Stalin cut all western links to the USA&GB part of Berlin - in retaliation USA&GB organised an airlift of essential supplies 1949 8,000 tons supplies per day
    + 9th May 1949 Stalin called off the blockade
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5
Q

FP - 1945-51 - NATO

A
  • Berlin Crisis had confirmed Trumans commitment to containment in Europe
  • April 1949, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  • Warsaw pact
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6
Q

FP 1945-51 Korean War

A
  • Korean War 1950-53
    + US gov had supported the South as North war Hostile and communist
    + March 1950 N Korea invaded S
    + UN sent forces to stop the invasion - succeeded in liberating S Korea
    + China went onto N Korea side
    + 1953 peace of sorts agreed
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7
Q

FP 1945-51 Results of the Korean War

A
  • Eisenhower spoke about the Domino Theory and Communism
  • helped sustain McCarthyism
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8
Q

FP under Eisenhower - Khruschev

A
  • 1955 Khrushchev succeeded Stalin as leader in the Soviet Union
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9
Q

FP under Eisenhower - Hungary

A
  • 1956 Khrushchev began a policy of relaxing the control Stalin had imposed
  • Moderate Cons did not like this and started attacking parts of E Europe - USA couldn’t help as they were preoccupised with the Suez crisis
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10
Q

FP under Eisenhower - Berlin

A
  • Khrushchev faced problems over Germany
    + E & K met in 1959 but made no progress on Berlin
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11
Q

FP under Eisenhower - Suez

A
  • 1956 Egypt took control of Suez control
    + GBR, FRA, Israeli attacked but pulled out - E not impressed and angry and USA wanted to keep relations with Arab Nations
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12
Q

FP under Eisenhower - results of the Suez crisis

A
  • Crisis illustrated that Britain and France were no longer world powers
  • increased US involvement in the Middle East
  • Eisenhower Doctrine - extension of containment to the Middle east
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13
Q

FP under Eisenhower - China 1949-60

A
  • USA was involved in the Chinese Civil War 1945-49 (US helped nationalists against MAO)
  • Relations deteriorate after Korean war
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14
Q

FP - Arms race - Atomic weapons

A
  • Stalin was shocked that in 1945 the USA had tested its first atomic bomb
  • Soviet atomic research programme - 1949 USSR exploded their first nuclear weapon
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15
Q

FP - Arms race - military spending

A
  • Prospect of ither countries developing nuclear weapons meant the USA could be attacked - Military-industrial complex increased spending $40to$50B year 1950
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16
Q

Economy - post war prosperity?

A
  • per Capita income at $1,450 (2x GB)
  • fed gov spending $36.5B 1948 (1945 $50B)
  • greater employment opportunities e.g. aircraft production, electrical goods
  • avg. earnings $3,000)
  • 1947 - 33% US homes lacked running water
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17
Q

Economy - growth of the var industry?

A
  • 1945 69,000 cars sold to 6.7M 1950
  • growth of cars helped other industries e.g. roadside hotels, motels
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18
Q

Social - growth of Suburbs

A
  • 1944 114,000 new family homes built - rising to 1.7M 1950
  • growth of the Middle Class - left working class in cities
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19
Q

Social - Consumer society

A
  • Consumer boom
    + rapid expansion in consumerism by 1960 50M TVs
    + 1964 40% population born before 1946
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20
Q

Social - Women

A
  • 4 US states made equal pay of women compulsory
  • 1950 women made up 38% of workforce
  • unions did not favour women in he workforce
  • 1960 1.3M women in Uni’s
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21
Q

Social - Cultural change - cinema

A
  • fell from 90M a week 1946 to 47M 1956
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22
Q

Social - Cultural change - TV

A
  • sets of TV 1947 - 60,000 to 37M 1955
  • popular programmes
    + regular audience of 50M to watch “I love Lucy”
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23
Q

Social - Cultural change - Youth culture

A
  • 1950 41.6% population under 24
  • more $ - avg spending from $10B 1950 - $25B 1959
  • rock and roll music & increasing popular TV
  • teenage rebellion?
    + 1956, murders by teenagers in NY rose 26%
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24
Q

Political Truman -

A
  • April 1945 - Truman become president
  • convinced that the US will was the worlds best hope for peace and prosperity
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25
Q

Political - Truman - Full employment bill 1945

A
  • declared employment to be a right and required the government to ensure that jobs were available
  • also increased minimum wage
    BUT Congress watered policies a lot
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26
Q

Political - Truman - Labour relations

A
  • Nov 1945 Truman called labour-management conference as an attempt to prevent further strike action - ended without an agreement
  • Taft - Hartley Bill - made labour union liable of contracts (Truman vetoed but Congress overturned veto)
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27
Q

Political - Truman - 1948 presidential elections

A
  • Promised New Deal
  • WON& Dems regained control of Congress
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28
Q

Political - Truman - Fair Deal

A
  • 1949, Truman introduced a whole range of welfare measures - raised min wage, extended the Social Security act
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29
Q

Political - Eisenhower - domestic achievements

A
  • dynamic conservatism (Conserative with $ but liberal with humans)
  • fed gov should have some responsibility for the welfare of its citizens and promote economic growth
  • continued social security programme
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30
Q

Red scare - development

A
  • external:
    + Developments outside the USA increased the fear of Communism
    + USA involvement in Korean war and Cold war development
  • Internal:
    + Series of Spy scandals in the US
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31
Q

McCarthyism?

A
  • Feb 1950 McCarthy gave a speech saying the State departments was infested with spies
  • by 1957 140 leaders of the Communist party were accused
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32
Q

Native Americans 1945-1960

A
  • 1944 Indian Claims commissions were set up to offer financial compensation to NA for claims for lost lands
  • 1953 House concurrent resolution - reservations should be broken up to encourage NA into urban areas
    1960 - 13,000 / 400,000 NA had moved permanently
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33
Q

African American - legacy of ww2

A
  • NAACP rose 50,000 1940 to 450,000 1945
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34
Q

African Americans - Trumans presidency

A
  • Sept 1946 - set up Civil Rights Committee to investigate racial abuse
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35
Q

African Americans - Eisenhower’s presidency

A
  • Passed Executive Orders desegregating gov run shipyards and encouraged integration of schools e.g. Brown v Topeka
  • Brown V Board 1954
    + 1956-57 723 school districts were desegrated (involving 300,000 AA) BUT 240,000 schools remained entirely segregated schools
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36
Q

African Americans - progress in education in later 1950s

A
  • By 1956 US supreme court upheld the ruling in 19 cases
  • little rock high school 1957
    +Eisenhower sent federal troops - shows that states could be overruled by the fed gov
  • Montgomery bus boycott
    +Dec 1955 - Rosa parks was arrested - next weekend bus boycott 50,000 supporters
    + Browder v Gale 1956
  • Martin Luther King
    + Started the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
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37
Q

1960 Election

A
  • 1960 Kennedy (Dem) vs. Nixon (Rep)
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38
Q

The New Frontier - Civil Rights

A
  • Before 1963 JFK was hesitant as he didn’t want to upset S conservatives
  • Threatened legal action against school that were still segregated
  • Feb 1963 introduced a civil rights bills (passed in early 1964)
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39
Q

The New Frontier - Economy

A
  • public works costing $900M (roads, public buildings etc)
  • increased defence spending and space technology
    BUT still unemployment in traditional industries and unemployment 2x as high in African Americans
40
Q

The New Frontier - Social reform

A
  • increased min wage ($1-$1.25)
  • Manpower and Training Act - retraining for long term unemployed
  • Area Redevelopment act - fed gov to give out loans to states with long term unemployment
  • Social Security Act - greater financial help to the elderly and unemployed
    BUT - Slum clearance created housing shortages, min wage only helped employed
41
Q

Opposition to the New Frontier

A
  • Greater opposition from S congressmen
  • many still belived in rugged individualism
42
Q

Johnson

A
  • 1963-1968
43
Q

The Greater society - civil rights

A
  • Civil Rights Act 1964 - banned discrimination in public places
  • Voting Rights Act 1965
  • 1967 Supreme Court declared all laws banning mixed race marriages
44
Q

The Greater Society - Economic reform

A
  • Tax cuts to give consumers more money to spend - in turn help business grow and create more jobs
  • Office of Economic Opportunity set up schemes to help poor people in inner cities
45
Q

The Greater society - social reform

A
  • Medical care Act - attempt to try to ensure that all Americans had equal access to health care
  • Elementary and Secondary Education Act - provided fed support for state
  • Model Cities Act - Kennedy’s policy of urban renewal
  • Increased min wage ($1.25 to $1.40)
46
Q

Opposition to the Greater Society

A
  • Opposition to the Great Society was distorted due to the attitudes of Vietnam
47
Q

1968 election

A

Nixon (Rep) vs. Humphrey (Dem)
- Nixon appealed to middle America
- Humphrey campaigned to continue the Vietnam war

48
Q

Nixon’s domestic achievements

A
  • limited due to his involvement in Forgein Policy
  • By 1971, 13 black congressmen
  • Introduction Family Assistance Plan - granted $1,600 to poorer families (rejected by congress
49
Q

Nixon’s Economic achievements

A
  • difficult economic problems, especially rise in price and tried to reduce this by strict control of borrowing
  • Tempoary boomed caused by limited price increases to 2.5%, kept wage increases down to 5.5%
50
Q

1972 election

A

Nixon won

51
Q

Events of the Watergate scandal

A
  • 1972 Nixon - concerned that me might not be re-elected set up CREEP - set aside $350,000 for dirty tricks
  • Nixon denied involvement and acknowledgement
52
Q

Effects of the Watergate scandal

A
  • July 1974 Congress impeached Nixon - Nixon resigned August 1974
  • Executive powers reduced:
    + Election Campagin Act 1974 - limits on election contributions
    + Wars powers Act 1973 - president consult with Congress before sending US troops
53
Q

Berlin Wall Crisis

A
  • 1961
  • Khrushchev built a wall to separate E&W Berlin - increased tensions between the USA and USSR
54
Q

Why was the Berlin Wall Crisis significant?

A
  • Increased Cold war tensions - USSR continued to nuclear test
55
Q

What are the causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962?

A
  • Castro ejected all US business - in retaliation, USA refused to buy Cuban sugar - Soviet Union offered to buy it.
  • 1961 Kennedy sanctioned an invasion of Cuba by exiles who left in 1959
  • Bay of Pigs - failure and humiliating to US
  • end of 1961 Castro announced turn to Communism
  • Sept 1962 Soviet installed Ballistics missiles
56
Q

Cuban Missile timeline

A
57
Q

What were the result of the Cuban Missile Criris?

A
  • Americans felt they had won as Khrushchev had backed down
  • Soviets determined never to backdown again
  • Hotline created - White house - Moscow
  • Partial Test Ban Treaty was signed Aug 1963 - US and USSR agreed to stop testing nuclear weapons in the atomshpere
58
Q

What were the reasons for improved relations between the US and China?

A
  • April 1971 USA lifted its 21 year trade embargo with China
  • Relations between China and USSR had detreated after 1960s
  • Nixon hoped that closer relations with China might help to end Vietnam war
59
Q

What is Ping Pong Diplomacy?

A
  • 1971 China v US in a game of ping pong
  • 14th April 1971 US gov lifted trade embargo
  • Sino-US relations
  • restoration of China’s legitimate rights in the UN - establishment of diplomatic relations between China and other countries
60
Q

What were the reasons for détente?

A
  • Threat of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis had a sobering effect on all concerned
  • Hotline improved speed of communications and the Test Ban Treaty
  • USA and USSR were keen on arms limitation talks as means of reducing their ever-increasing defence spending
61
Q

What is SALT 1?

A
  • SALT - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
  • 1972
  • limits on nuclear capability of USSR and US
  • Successfully limited nuclear weapons
62
Q

What are the Helsinki Agreements?

A
  • 1975
  • US, USSR and 33 other nations made declarations about 3 distinct international issues:
    1. West recognised the current national boundaries in E Europe and Soviet Union - W Germany claimed Germany as a whole state
    2. Each signatory agreed to respect human rights and basic freedoms
    3. There was a call for closer economic, scientific and cultural links
63
Q

Why was the US involved in Vietnam?

A
  • 1950s USA became far more involved in Vietnam as part of trying to stop the spread of Communism (domino theory)
  • Nov 1963 Diem was over thrown and Vietcong became more popular - Kennedy tried to reduce communism through Strategic Hamlet Policy - failed
  • 1964 Johnson wanted more direct military involvement - Nov US ship destroyed by Vietcong and alleged 2nd attack - Congress passed Gulf Tonkin Resolution that gave Johnson power to use any military intervention
64
Q

Why did the strengths of the Communism lead to US defeat in Vietnam?

A
  • Vietcong were fighting for a cause (reunification of Vietnam)
  • guerrilla tactics - avoided battles and reduced the effectiveness of high tech US
65
Q

Why did the weakness of the USA lead to US defeat in Vietnam?

A
  • inexperienced troops and unable to cope with guerrilla warfare
  • fall in moral lead to brutal behaviour e.g. Ly Lai massacre 1968
  • opposition at home grew
  • ineffective tactics
66
Q

What were the US tactics of warfare in Vietnam?

A
  • Operation Rolling Thunder - 1965-68
    + Chemical welfare - agent orange
  • Search and Destroy - destroyed land
67
Q

What was the impact of the mass media on the war in Veitnam?

A
  • 1st war on TV
  • newsreel film was taken by official military cameramen
  • Americans could see bombing and shelling Vietnamese homes after Ted Offensive
68
Q

Impact of the media and Tet offensive?

A
  • Americans shocked by the war crimes particularly My Lai massacre
69
Q

What was the significance of TV coverage?

A
  • dramatically changed the opinions of Americans - started creation of the PEACE movement
70
Q

What are the reasons for US withdrawal?

A
  • USA could not win Vietnam
  • Nixon was elected president on the grounds of US withdrawal
  • end of 1960s war was v. unpopular and expensive by 1968 $26.5B
71
Q

What are the effects of the Vietnam war?

A
  • USA spent around $30M each year on the war
  • 50,000 Americans dead 300,000 wounded
72
Q

What progress in the early 1960s have civil rights made?

A
  • 1960 - sit in to protest against all white café
  • August 1961 sit-ins attracted over 70,000 participants
  • Freedom rides - created integrated buses 1961 over 300 riders were arrested
73
Q

Peace marches?

A
  • Student Non-Violent Co-ordinating Committee protested against segregation
  • 250,000 people taking part
  • King discussed civil rights legislation with Kennedy - Johnson pushed Kennedys Civil Rights through Congress 1964
74
Q

Civil Rights achievements?

A
  • Civil rights marches 1963 helped to bring out important Civil Rights legislation
  • Voting rights campagin and Selma marches helped Voting Rights Act 1964
75
Q

Who was Malcom X?

A
  • Leader of Nation of Islam
  • 1952-64 100,000 members
  • Critical of King
  • realistic role model for ghetto African Americans
76
Q

Black riots

A
  • 1964-66 black ghettos witnessed around 300 riots
  • 1965-67 riots caused $145M damage
77
Q

Black power

A

1966 SNCC had moved away from King and began to support Black power
- Waned African Americans to develop a feeling of black pride

78
Q

The Black Panthers

A
  • 10 point programme - included an end to police brutality as well as decent housing and education
  • Set up practical community action programmes
    1968 5,000 members
79
Q

Reasons for student protest?

A
  1. many students wanted a greater in their own education
  2. MLK’s peace marches were an inspiration
  3. USA became more divided and divided society
80
Q

Civil Rights and students

A
  • Students were heavily involved in civil rights movement e.g. SNCC and CORE
81
Q

What are the SDS?

A
  • Students for a Democratic Society
  • 1959
  • denounced the Cold War and adopted a position of anti anti-communism
82
Q

Students and opposition to the war in Vietnam?

A
  • opposition grew
  • Anti-war protest reached their peak 1968-70
  • 1969 - Washington D.C. 700,000 Marched
83
Q

What is the hippie movement?

A
  • ‘drop out’ of society and become hippies
  • make love, not war
84
Q

Students and their achievements?

A
  • student movement did bring about social, political and cultral change
  • provided greater publicity for the racism still prevalent in US society - support from white students towards black students
85
Q

Eleanor Roosevelt

A
  • 1960 set up a commission to investigate the status of women at work
86
Q

Betty Friedan

A
  • 1963 wrote The Feminine Mystique
  • 1966 set up National Organisation of Women (NOW)
    + 1966-71 secured $30M in back pay owed to women who had not been paid wages equal to men
87
Q

Women’s Liberation Movement

A
  • more radical aims than NOW
  • all signs of male supremacy would be removed
  • BUT burning their bras in public bought ridicule to the movement and made it increasingly difficult for people to take them seriously
88
Q

Campaign to legalise abortion

A
  • Abortion was illegal
  • Roe vs. Wade 1970
89
Q

Women’s movement achievements

A
  • 1963 Equal Pay Act - required employers to pay women the same for the same job
  • 1972 Education Amendment Act - outlawed sex discrimination
  • Equal Rights Amendment Act was passed by congress BUT not ratified by states
90
Q

What was the impact of Watergate?

A
  • left the position of the presidency much weakened by 1975
  • No longer had confidence or respect for their own politicians and government
91
Q

USA by 1975 - Economy

A
  • After WW2, the USA had experienced a prolonged economic boom
  • Ford inherited high inflation (9%)
92
Q

USA by 1975 - position in world affairs

A
  • USA was called champion of democracy against the spread of Communism
  • USA was also increasingly involved in events in the Middle East
93
Q

USA by 1975 - African Americans

A
  • Civil Rights and Voting Rights Act
  • increased representation politically
  • Congressmen - 1970 11 to 1980 18
94
Q

USA by 1975 - Native American Indians

A
  • Many lived on reservations
  • unemployment 10x higher
95
Q

USA by 1975 - Women

A
  • 2/3 female college students reject the idea that a women’s place was at home
  • women only received 73% of salaries paid to men

Making of a super power 1865-1975 (5 decks)

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