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Making of a super power 1865-1975 > Crisis of Identity 1920 - 1945 > Flashcards

Crisis of Identity 1920 - 1945 Flashcards

1
Q

Warren Harding’s achievements

A
  • Made a number of able appointments - Andrew Mellon as secretary of state for the treasury (not using spoils system)
  • Sheppard-Towner Maternity Aid Act
  • Cuts to government spending - 1922 $3,333
  • belief in limited gov - reflected general public mood
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2
Q

Warren Harding’s shortcumings

A
  • reputation tainted by affairs
  • Corruption - Alien Property Custodian accepted bribes
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3
Q

Calvin Coolidge Qualities

A
  • man of the people - from a small town
  • little gov intervention
  • Honest & incorruptible
  • pro business - low tax low interest rates &min gov spending
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4
Q

Calvin Coolidge failings

A
  • as a president is was determined to do less rather than more
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5
Q

FP - Aims

A
  • USA was convinced WW1 was caused by selfish rivalries of EU powers and wanted to avoid conflicts
  • USA wanted to remain status Quo in Naval power and Far east
  • USA wanted to protect their interests esp. trade
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6
Q

FP - reasons for Washington conference

A
  • Attended by US, GB, JAP, FRA, ITA
  • USA keen on this conference:
    + prevent renewal of Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1922 (GB keen to renew)
    + USSA wished to maintain Status Quo e.g. Open Door policy
    + USA feared the growth of Japanese influence in Far East
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7
Q

FP - Achievements of the Washington Conference

A
  • agreement on arms limitation and brought stability and peace in Pacific - USA, GB, JAP, FRA, ITA
  • signed 4 power treaty
  • BUT - imposed no limitation on the size of the armies or air forces. Agreement had no methods of enforcement
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8
Q

FP - Kellogg - Briand Pact 1928

A
  • International agreement
  • signed because; France were keen on an alliance with the USA- HOWEVER, the USA did not want any commitments in Europe
  • Signed by 15 countries - agreed not to go to war except in self-defence
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9
Q

FP - USA & Europe - loans

A
  • USA was prepared to lend moeny to countries after the war to restore prosperity and prevent spread of Communism
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10
Q

FP - USA & Europe - Dawes and Young plans

A

Dawes plan
- USA was also keen on a stable Germany to prevent communist revolution and was directly involved with Dawes and Young Plans
- reduce German reparations to $250m/yr
over an increased 5 yrs
Young Plan
- reduced reparations to $25b to be paid over 59yrs

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11
Q

US FP - involvement in Latin America - economic involvement

A
  • US investment in Latin America doubled from 1924-29 from $1.5b to $3b
  • including automobile firms, 1923 set up the American and Foreign power Company
  • Kemmerer Plan 1924 helped stabilised and develop the economists of countries by offering advice on sound currency and central banks
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12
Q

US FP - involvement in Latin America Settling disputes

A
  • US settled disputes with troops - often replaced by loyal local militia
  • USA gave Colombia $25m in compensation for its support for the independence of Panama
  • 1925 US troops withdrawn from Nicaragua in order to improve relations between 2 countries
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13
Q

What were the short term reasons for economic book in the 1920s?

A
  • Laissez-faire
    + Coolidge held the veiw that gov would be involvement as little as possible - businessmen left alone to make their own decisions (high profits, more jobs, good wages)
    + Low taxes and few regulations meant businessmen could chase profits without fear of interference
  • Rugged individualism
    + Successive Republican pres. - Hoover believed that people achieved success by their own hard work
  • Protectionism
    + Rep gov put tariffs on imported good in order to limit the competition from foreign imports
    + Fordney-McCumber Tarif 1922 - raised imported duties on good
    + reduction of income tax rates
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14
Q

What technological change occurred in the 1920s?

A
  • Development of electricity - provided cheaper, more reliable and flexible form of power for factories
  • electricity stimulates the growth of fridges, vacuum and radios
  • Car industry was sped up by conveyor belt
  • Plastics were developed
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15
Q

What new business models occurred in the 1920s?

A
  • 1929, the largest 200 corporations possessed 20% of the nations wealth
  • Cartels - to fix prices
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16
Q

What are the reasons for consumerism during the 1920s?

A
  • Increased demand for consumer goods
  • 1927 2/3 US homes had electricity
  • Growth in female employment also increased the need for labour saving devices
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17
Q

Growth of Credit in the 1920s

A
  • growth of credit made it easier for people to buy goods even though they did not have enough cash to pay immediately
  • 1/2 of the good sold in 1920s were paid for by hire purchase
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18
Q

The car industry

A
  • 1913 ford introduced the assembly line. 1920 a car produced every 10s
  • 1914 ford doubled wages to $5/day - encouraged people to work for him, reduced the number of hours to 8 and introduced a third shift - allowed for 24hr factory
  • Used steel, petrol, wood, rubber and leather - provided jobs for 5m workers
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19
Q

Road building

A
  • Breaking the policy of lassiez-faire, the fed gov expanded
  • Federal Highway act 1921 - 10,000 miles built by 1929
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20
Q

The stock market boom

A
  • 1920s, stock market seemed to be a link to prosperity
  • By 1926 about 451m shares traded
  • 1929 - 1.1b shares sold
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21
Q

What was the impact of the WW1 on women?

A
  • 21,000 clerks (women)
  • WW1 proved women could work in heavy duty industries and encouraged greater freedom
  • 1920s boom created labour saving devices which allowed more time for women to find jobs
  • Jazz era bought furhter employment and entertainment
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22
Q

Employment changes for women after 1917

A
  • 1930 - 2m more women were employed than 1920
  • Men were still higher paid than women
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23
Q

Political changes for women after 1917

A
  • Women were given the vote in 1920
  • most women were not interested in politics
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24
Q

New forms of entertainments 1920s

A
  • Sport: made more popular by radio
    + major influence on younger generations
    + 1924 67,000 watched a match
  • Radio: grew dramatically
    + 1922 - 500 stations nationwide
  • Cinema: allowed people to see themselves in a different life through actor
  • Jazz music: popular with middle age youth
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25
Q

Prohibition

A
  • prohibiting alcohol for moral reasons
  • 1918 Wilson banned beer production until the war ended
  • Drove drinkers underground, speakeasies (NY +30,000)
  • early 1930s clear opposition to Prohibition
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26
Q

Gangsters and organised crime

A
  • Prohibition led to huge growth in gangsters and crime
  • transported liquor
  • Gangsters were easily able to control politicians
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27
Q

Was there a changing attitude towards immigrants?

A
  • Immigrants became less welcome as they provided competition for jobs
  • US involvement in WW1 fuelled an anti-German feeling and encouraged support for restrictions on immigration
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28
Q

Where there any changes in immigration policy?

A
  • 1917 literacy act - all foreigners wanting to enter the US had to take a literacy test
  • Immigration Quota Act 1921
    + National Origins Act reduced the quota to 2% of 1890 census
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29
Q

KKK - reasons for revival

A
  • release of the film Birth of nation 1915
  • bour tensions rose as veterans tried to re-enter workforces
  • increased industrialisation bought more workers to cities
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30
Q

KKK - organisations and activities & decline

A
  • 1925 - 5m members
  • carried out lynching of AA and beat up anyone who they considered their enemy
    Decline
  • After one of the leaders was convicted of a crime - it discredited the KKK
  • divisons among tactics
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31
Q

Problems in the economy - falling demand for consumer goods

A
  • falling demand for consumer goods
    + by 1929 most Americans tat could afford a car already had one - production fell 2 months before Wall street crash
    + unequal distribution of wealth - 50% of American families had an income of less than $2,000 a year - the min to survive
  • USA could not sell surplus prodcuts to other countries as many countries had high tarrifs on American goods
32
Q

Problems in the economy - instability of get-rich-quick schemes

A
  • Ponzi promised a 50% profit within 90 days
    The Florida land boom - Ponzi found employment selling land in Florida - 1925 - 1.2m people - demand tailed off in 1926
33
Q

Problems with the economy - problems with agriculture

A
  • farming industry had benefited from WW1 with prices rising by as much as 25%
  • After the war, demand fell with prices dropping from $2.5 - $1 per bushel of wheat
  • Farmers were producing more food than Americans could eat
  • 1928 - over half of American farmers living in Poverty
34
Q

Problems with the economy - problems with old industries

A
  • Coal mining and textiles were stagnating
  • Demand for coal fell in 1920 as gas and electricity were more widely spread and there was more foreign competition that was cheaper
35
Q

Wall Street Crash - reasons for the crash - the banking system

A
  • the banking system
    + US banking system was out of date by 1920s
    +12 regulatory reserve banks were headed by the Federal Reserve Board
    + The reserve banks acted in the interests of bankers rather than the nation
    + local banks were not part of the centralised system 1920s there were over 30,000 banks
36
Q

Wall Street Crash - reasons for the crash - over-speculation on the stock market

A
  • speculation on the stock market
    + During the 1920s, more and more Americans bought shares on the stock exchange and prices kept rising - bull market
    + 1928 - shares did not rise as much as in pervious yrs. This was because companies were not selling as many goods so profits fell
    + 1929 - valued $87b
37
Q

Wall Street Crash - reasons for the crash - availability of easy credit

A
  • Availability of easy credit
    + growth of credit made it much easier for people to buy goods even tough they did not have enough cash to buy it
38
Q

Wall Street Crash - reasons for the crash - loss of confidence

A
  • Loss of confidence
    + market structure was maintained largely by the confidence that people had in it
    + Rumours that the Federal Reserve Bank was about to tighten credit facilities by making it more difficult to borrow
39
Q

Wall Street Crash - Events leading up the Crash

A
  • Event leading to the crash
    + 1929 Sep: There was a sharp fall in prices but no real financial panic
    + Sat 19th Oct 1929: Shareholders began to panic with nearly 3.5m shares bought and sold - prices began to fall
    + Tues 22nd Oct 1929: Stock market seemed to recover with prices slightly improving
    + Thu 24th Oct 1929: Black Thursday - prices fell quickly - 13m shares sold
    + Fri 25th Oct 1929: Bankers met to stabilized - worked short term
    + Sat 26th Oct 1929: Hoover assured all American that the panic was over
    + Tues 29th Oct 1929: Black Tuesday - nearly 16.5m shares traded
40
Q

Wall Street Crash - Effects of the Crash

A
  • led to collapse of many business with individuals losing billions
  • People who had lost so much could not afford to consume or invest
  • Crash led to the Collapse of credit with loans
  • Crash destroyed confidence in the US economy
41
Q

Hoover beleifs

A
  • firm believer in rugged individualism
42
Q

Hoovers policies

A
  • Agriculture
    + Agricultural Marketing Act 1930 - gov lend money to farmers
    + agricultural polcies failed as Hoover paid artificially high prices
  • Industry
    + tried to reduce fed spending - Reconstruction Finance Corporation - lent $b to banks
  • Emergency relief act - $300m to sate gov to help unemployed
  • Bonus marchers
    +Hoovers treatment of the marchers made him v. unpopular
    + bonus should cost $2.3m but Hoover felt that was too much
43
Q

Impact of the Depression - Economic effect

A
  • Economic effects
    + unemployment 16m
    +US economic growth declined - 6.7% 1929 to -14.7% 1932
44
Q

Impact of the Depression - Social effects

A
  • Depression in the cities
    + factories closed down
    + Hoovervilles
    + 1932 - 2m homeless
  • Depression in the countryside
    + Bankruptcy among farmers grew
    + drought 1931 - compounded the farmers problems as reduced prices
    + dust bowl effected 20m hectares
45
Q

Roosevelt and the presidential election 1932

A
  • 1932 election - Roosevelt won
  • Roosevelts promised were vague
46
Q

The First New Deal 1933-35 - Hundred days

A
  • Session of Congress that lasted 100 days and saw the development of the New Deal
  • Roosevelt saved the capitalist system in the USA through his New Deal programme.
  • Roosevelts priority was to create economic improvement
47
Q

The First New Deal - 1933-35 - Agriculture

A
  • Agriculture
    + Agricultural Adjustment Act 1933 - Agricultural adjustment administration would pay farmers to reduce production. Total farm income rose from $4.5b 1932 - $6.9b 1935
    + Tennessee Valley Authority 1933 - created to harness the power of the River Tennessee - construct dams, create jobs, develop welfare programmes
48
Q

The First New Deal 1933-35 - Banking and Fianance

A
  • Banking and Finance
    + Emergency Banking Relief Act March 1933 - closed banks for 4 days - tried to restore confidence in the banks by APRIL 1933 $1b had been returned to bank deposits
    + Glass-Steagall act 1933 - commercial banks that relied on small deposits were bank from investment banking, banks couldn’t take personal loans from their own banks
    + Regulation of the stock market - Truth in Securities act 1933 - required brokers to offer client realistic info about selling
49
Q

The First New Deal 1933-35 - Industrial recovery

A
  • Industrial recovery
    + National Recovery Administration - encouraged firms to agree to codes of practice to regulate unfair competition such as price cutting - did not help economic recovery but led to Buy Now campagin
    + Public works Administration - funded with $3.3b - hoped that expenditure on public works such as railroads would stimulate the economy
    + Civil Works administration - created with $400m grant to provide emergency relief to the unemployed during the winter 1933-34
50
Q

The First New Deal 1933-35 - Relief

A
  • Relief
    + Federal Emergency Relief Act 1933 - established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration - gave $500m to be divided equally among the states to help provide for the unemployed
    + Civilian Conservation Corps 1933 - programme to help young people get work experience - recruited by Department of Labour
51
Q

The second New Deal - reasons for

A
  • Reasons for:
    + The climate in the new congress was for action and Roosevelt wanted to prevent this
    + Roosevelt was increasingly frustrated the USSC which was beginning to overturn legislation
    + Roosevelt was increasingly frustrated with the wealthy and the force of big buis who were opposing them more and more
52
Q

The second new deal - works progress administration

A
  • Works progress Administration (WPA)
    + recruited people for public work projects by 1941 2m employees
53
Q

The second new deal - Wagner-Connery National Labour Relations Act 1935

A
  • Wagner - Connery National Labour Relations Act 1935
    + Guaranteed workers the rights to collective bargaining through unions of their own choice
    + firs act to give unions rights in law and in the long term committed federal government to an important labour relations role
54
Q

The second New Deal - Social Security Act, August 1935

A
  • Social Security Act 1935
    + first federal measure of direct help as a workers rights and would be built upon in the future
    + provided old-age pensions to be funded by employer and employee contributions and unemployment insurance
    + BUT pensions paid at min $10 max $85 per month and they were not paid until 1940
55
Q

The second New Deal - Banking Act 1935

A
  • Intended to give the federal government control of banking in USA
  • Banking system was centralised
  • labour unions given a voice
56
Q

Opposition to the First New Deal - right

A
  • The Rights
    + wealthy people turned against him because of the increase in tax, and they opposed too much gov involvement
57
Q

Opposition to the First New Deal - left

A
  • The Left
    + Roosevelt was more concerned about threats from the left - they might join together to form a third party to challenge him
    Ideas from left:
    + End Poverty in California (EPIC) - unemployed would be put to work in state-run co-operatives
    + Share our Wealth - all private fortunes over $3m should be confiscated and very family should be given enough money to afford a car, house
58
Q

Opposition of the Supreme Court

A
  • Court supported the New deal laws during the crisis but increasingly declared legislation unconstitutional 1835 - 1836 they found unconstitutional
  • Judiciary Reform Bill
    + Roosevelt belived that the justices on the SC were out of touch. He was the issue of non elected officials as undemocratic
    + Senate rejected 70-20
59
Q

Opposition to Roosevelt

A
  • Significant opposition from big Buis and wealthy people who increasingly felt the New Deal had gone too far
60
Q

Achievements of the New Deal - Economic effects

A
  • National total of personal income stood at $86b 1929
  • Wages average $25.03 per week 1929 and $23.86 1939
  • 1933 - 18m unemployed 1939 9m unemployed
61
Q

Achievements of the New Deal - political effects

A
  • Roosevelt allowed labour unions to take their place in Labour relations
  • attempt to reform the SC failed
  • expansion of the role of the state and local gov
  • Social Security Act and the relief and job creation agencies expanded the role of the gov
62
Q

Achievements of the New Deal - Social effects

A

Relief - relief agencies such FERA and WPA set up to help people - set up national system of old age pensions and unemployment

63
Q

Achievements of the New Deal - Women

A
  • Women
    + worked against women
    + 1933 Economy Act - forbade members of the same family from working in the federal gov 75% of those who lost their job were women
    + NRA codes allowed for unequal wages
    + some agencies such as CCC barred women entirely
    + 1930s $525/yr
64
Q

Achievements of the New Deal - African Americans

A
  • African Americans
    + Roosevelt needed the vote of S Dems therefore the New Deal saw little civil rights legislation
65
Q

Achievements of the New Deal - Native Americans

A
  • Native American
    + Indian Reorganisation Act 1934 - recognised and encouraged Native American culture in a shift from the former policy of assimilation - control of reservations sales
66
Q

FP 1933-41 - Good Neighbour Policy

A
  • foreign policy adopted by Roosevelt to mend and improve relations with Latin America
67
Q

FP 1933-41 Neutrality Acts

A
  • 1st Neutrality Act 1935 - gave the presidents the power to prohibit US ships from carrying US made munitions to countries at war & prevent US citizens from travelling on ship of those countries at war
  • 2nd Neutrality Act 1936 - banned loans or credits to countries at war - no limits on trade in materials useful for war
  • 3rd Neutrality Act 1937 - forbade the export of munitions for use by either of the opposing forces in Spain
68
Q

FP 1933-41 Roosevelt and Neutrality

A
  • 1930s totalitarians and militaristic states of Germany, Italy and Japan built up large
  • 1937 Gallup Poll indicated that almost 70% of Americans thought that US involvement in WW1 had been a mistake and 95% opposed any future involvement in war
69
Q

FP 1939-41 US response to European War

A
  • Roosevelt began to express his strong for the Western Democratic states
  • After the Munich Agreement Hitler announced further rearmament and so did Roosevelt with a further $300m granted to the defence budget
70
Q

FP 1939-41 Changing situation in Europe

A
  • 1939 Congress agreed to sell arms on a strictly cash and carry basis
  • 1940 Britain had placed orders for 14,000 aircraft but was increasingly clear that they cant pay
71
Q

FP 1939-41 Lend-Lease and Atlantic Charter

A
  • Britain would be loaned the means to keep fighting
72
Q

FP 1939-41 USA & Japan - Worsening relations

A
  • Japan and US relations deteriorated since Japan invasion of China 1937
  • Japan deemed open door obsolete
  • Roosevelt retaliated by lending funds to China to buy weapons and not to sell to Japan
  • 1940 - Congress limited supplies of oil and scrap iron to Japan
  • 1941 - USA told Japan to withdraw from China and they will not attack French Colonies in South East Asia - Japan did not respond
73
Q

FP 1939-41 USA & Japan - Attack on Peral Harbour

A
  • Dec 1941 Japanese launched an attack on Peral Harbour
    + Sunk 180 American Aircraft
  • 8th December USA declared war on Japan
74
Q

FP WW2 - Impact on USA - Political effects

A
  • Political effects
    + War management commission set up in 1942 to recruit workers where they were needed most
75
Q

FP WW2 - Impact on the USA - Economic effects

A
  • Economic effects
    + Between 1941- 45 produced 86,000 tanks, 296,000 aircraft
    + farm income grew by 250%
    + Unemployment 1944 1.2%
    + 16m women working
    + GNP 1939 $91.3b 1945 $166.6m
76
Q

FP WW2 - Impact on the USA - Social effects

A
  • Social effects
    + Treatment of the Japanese Americans (JA)
    _ 100,000 JA were sent to relocation centres
    + Women
    _ 1944 13m women working
    _ 1942 60% of American were in favour of women helping with the war industries
    _ HOWEVER, women were still being paid less
    + African Americans
    _ Fair Employment Practices Commissions: investigate employed discrimination
    _ Armed forces: Jim Crow Army - army segregation. 1943 504,000 in the car

Making of a super power 1865-1975 (5 decks)

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