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Making of a super power 1865-1975 > Populism, progressivism and imperialism 1890-1920 > Flashcards

Populism, progressivism and imperialism 1890-1920 Flashcards

1
Q

Why did the populist party emerge in the 1890s?

A
  • There were many who didn’t benifit from the economic growth in USA
  • 1893 - depression
    + farmers did not feel that they were benefiting from the American prosperity
    + populist movement - farmers, working people, supporters of sliver
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2
Q

Reasons for the emergence of populists
Sliver

A
  • Sliver
    + Traditionally gold standard however, bimetallists felt sliver should be used as well
    + World production of gold decreased 1865-90 while rapid growth in sliver
    1860 - $150k 1890 - $57m
    + however, this would isolate US from Europe and increase gov interference in business
    1890 - Sherman Sliver Purchase Act
    1896 - Cleveland removed this
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3
Q

Reasons for emergence of populists
Agriculture discontent

A
  • Agriculture discontent
    + discontent among farmers
    + falling prices in wheat and cotton - 1860 - wheat bushel $1.60 1890 wheat bushel 60 cents
    + high tariffs on forgein goods - forgein people did not buy USA goods
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4
Q

Formation of the populist party 1892

A
  • July 1892
  • peoples party
  • James B. Weaver - 1m votes
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5
Q

What are the aims for the populist party?

A
  1. regulation of railways, particularly the freight prices that many felt were too high
  2. far more gov regulations on farm prices
  3. a graduated income tax - rich taxed more
    - direct election of senators to ensure all citizens would chose 2 senators from each state
  4. max 8 hour day
  5. alter the basis of the currency
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6
Q

Bryan and 1896 election

A
  • William Jennings Bryan
  • supporter of silver coinage, farming interests and wanted to improve conditions for the Urban WC
  • Mark Hanna spent $3m supporting
  • Bryan was unable to call upon such financial support - travelled over 28,000 km and 600 speeches
  • McKinley - 7m pop - 273 ec
  • Bryan - 6.4 m pop - 176 ec
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7
Q

How important was populism?

A
  • Some histrions see it as a link between the populists of the 1890s and progressives in 1900-12 (progressives feared popular democracy)
  • membership of the populist party by 1900 had fallen
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8
Q

progressivism

A
  • Loose grouping of many individuals and organisations with no easily identifiable leaders and no clear aims
  • Roosevelt & Taft reps but seen as progressives
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9
Q

Why did progressivism emerge?

A
  • Economic problems
    + recession struck 1893 - high unemployment in cities 12%
    + fall in living standards, banks collapsed
    + agriculture declined due to falling prices
  • social problems
    + poverty, lack of clean water
    + 72 working week
    + no welfare system
  • need for political reform
    + growing dissatisfaction with 2 main parties
    + progressives were opposed to corrupt party machines and big buis dominate politics
  • need to regulate big business
    + increasing hostility towards robber barons
    + growing demand for gov regulation
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10
Q

What were the aims of the progressive party?
- political

A
  • poltical aims
    + change to the conclusion including allowing women to vote and ensuring the senators were more accountable
    + much greater pole for federal government in the economy and society in particular to regulate big bus
    + radical reform of the management of towns and cities where often controlled by corrupt officials
    + changes to the political parties
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11
Q

What were the aims of the progressive party?
Economic aims

A
  • Economic aims
    + gov to play a much greater role in regulating the business
    + gov should have more control of the banks
    + new legislation - employers recognise trade unions, regulated hours of work
    + change the currency - introduce silver
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12
Q

What were the aims of the progressive party?
Social aims

A
  • Social aims
    + female emancipation - 1890 National American Suffrage Association set up
    + gov to provide a safety net to help those who were poor
    - welfare state
    + prohibition
    + reforms to help AA who moved N
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13
Q

Roosevelt
How progressive was Roosevelt?

A
  • felt that the federal gov had a role in the economy and should intervene where and when necessary
  • criticised by liberals for being too cautious and by his party for being too radical
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14
Q

Progressive measures - anti - trust measures

A
  • Anti-trust measures
    + Roosevelt was determined to make the Anti-Sherman Trust act 1890 more effective
    _ taking on powerful business men e.g. Rockefeller
    _ 1904 USASC decided the Northern Securities Company was illegal
    + 1903 Department of Commerce and Labour Act - reduce monopiles occurring
    + 1906 Hepburn act - protect the public from exploitation
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14
Q

Progressive measures - anti - trust measures

A
  • Anti-trust measures
    + Roosevelt was determined to make the Anti-Sherman Trust act 1890 more effective
    _ taking on powerful business men e.g. Rockefeller
    _ 1904 USASC decided the Northern Securities Company was illegal
    + 1903 Department of Commerce and Labour Act - reduce monopiles occurring
    + 1906 Hepburn act - protect the public from exploitation
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14
Q

Progressive measures - anti - trust measures

A
  • Anti-trust measures
    + Roosevelt was determined to make the Anti-Sherman Trust act 1890 more effective
    _ taking on powerful business men e.g. Rockefeller
    _ 1904 USASC decided the Northern Securities Company was illegal
    + 1903 Department of Commerce and Labour Act - reduce monopiles occurring
    + 1906 Hepburn act - protect the public from exploitation
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15
Q

Progressive measures - Labour relations

A
  • Labour relations
    + Roosevelt was prepared to intervene in industrial disputes such as Anthracite coal stroke 1902
    + Roosevelt had expanded the role of the gov to obtain fair-paly and justice
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16
Q

Progressive measures - Conservation

A
  • Conservation
    + Roosevelt ordered 150m acres of forest to be placed on federal reserve and strictly enforced laws on grazing
    + 1908 Roosevelt organised the National Conservation Conference
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17
Q

Roosevelts achievement

A

yes
+ action against big buis and continued support for conservation measure (120m acres public domain)
no
- unable to persuade Congress to pass more in the way of progressive reform

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18
Q

Taft’s achievements

A

yes
+ continued Roosevelts anti-trust acts (80 anti-trust acts suits under Anti-Sherman act)
+ Introduced 8 hour day for gov employees
+ introduced income tax and corporation tac
no
- respected rights of Congress to oppose his ideas and determined to act within the limits of the constitution
- lacked political skills

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19
Q

Opposition from Roosevelt
Taft

A
  • Concerns about taft’s reluctance to carry out further reform were communicated to Roosevelt in 1910
  • 1912 Roosevelt now claimed that the Republican party no longer represented the wishes of the people and left to form a new party (progressives) - weakened the Rep party
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20
Q

Economic developments
- Industrial growth

A

Industrial growth
- Iron production 1860 - 920,000 to 10.3m 1900
- modern oil production - 70,000 - 110,000 per day. 1907 Oklahoma was leading oil producing 25% nations oil
- Trusts and monopiles - 1904 4% US companies produced 57% total industry of USA

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21
Q

Economic developments
- Depression of 1893

A

Depression 1893
- Depression sparked a stock market crash
- crisis sparked 4 year depression - national 20% unemployment
- Depression alienated many people from both the economic and the political process - led to a rise in progressivism

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22
Q

Economic development
- Agricultural discontent

A

Agricultural discontent
- Farmers in S&W did not share the prosperity and expansion experienced by the industry
- farmers joined into Farmers Alliance, creating unity for themselves through co-operation and mutual self-respect

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23
Q

Economic development
- Trade Unions

A

Trade Unions
- Labour unions representing different crafts were set up
- American Federation of Labour (AFL) created to represent these labour unions, speaking on behalf of all member unions and encouraging mutual support between unions
- 1886 1,400 strikes involving 500,000 members

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24
Q

Trade Unions
- Pittsburgh steelworks’ strike 1892

A
  • Carnegie’s Homestead Steelworks cut wages 1892 and refused to accept union negotiation
  • However, 5 months without wages, strikers were starving and their action collapsed
    - This defeat set back union power considerably
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25
Q

Trade Unions
- The pullman strike of 1894

A
  • Paralysed the railway system
  • pullman company had cut wages but refused to lower rents for the house where employees were required to live
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26
Q

Effect of mass immigration

A
  • Between 1860 - 1900 14m immigrates arrived in the USA
  • 1914 - NY 1.4m Jews / 4.7m pop
  • immigration was a major reason why the USA was able to progress as quickly as it did with industrialisation - formed unskilled work force
  • migrant was grateful for a job
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27
Q

Reactions to mass immigration

A
  • While many immigrants were welcomed by employers as cheap and willing labour
  • immigrants were often used as strike-breakers
  • 1887 American Protective Association was set up to put pressure on the gov to limit immigrations
  • 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
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28
Q

Economic and social conditions
African Americans

A
  • Segregation in the South
    + 1887, railroad company introduced segregated railway carriages
    + segregation was reinforced by the Plessy v. Ferguson case 1896
  • voting rights
    + Many southern states were also determined to ensure that AA did not exercise their right to vote
    + extra qualifications
    _ Poll tax - most AA were too poor to have such money
    _ 1898 grandfather clause
    _ literacy tests in order to register to vote which effectively excluded many illiterate AA
    + by 1910 very few AA were able to vote in the S
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29
Q

Booker T Washington

A
  • Belived AA need to acquire skills through education
  • Achievements:
    + role model for AA because of the way e progressed from slave to college
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30
Q

W.E.B. Du Bois

A
  • supported Booker T Washingtons but gradual change but by 1900 he was supported more active resistance to discrimination
31
Q

The Niagara movement

A

Du Bios helped to found the Niagara movement in 1905
- The movement rejected Washington’s cautious approach and put the emphasis on protest to demand civil rights

32
Q

The position of AA in 1912

A
  • AA were second class citizens, especially in the South
  • Right of AA in congress or even in state legislatures
  • Right for AA to vote has been removed in the S
  • Segregation laws had formalised and increased the separation of races in the S
  • Chances of receiving a formal education did increase
33
Q

Foreign and imperial policies

A

The USA had pursued a policy of isolationism with very little interests in imperial expansion
- However, the US became more involved abroad from 1890-1914

34
Q

Motives for imperialism
- Accidental empire

A
  • Accidental empire
    + The USA never sought an empire at all and the decisions to annex the Philippines was due to the vote from V. President Hobart
35
Q

Motives for imperialism
- Progressive imperialism

A
  • Progressive imperialism
    + US imperialism was motivated b a desire to improve the lives of non Americans
    _e.g. removal of yellow fever in Cuba and the building of hospitals and schools
    + Imperial power because it wanted to dominate the world by creating countries in its own image
36
Q

Motives for imperialism
- need for markets

A
  • Need for markets
    + USA belived that this need for markets could be met by the OPEN DOOR POLICY (September 6th 1899)
    rather than actual territorial expansion
37
Q

Motives for imperialism
- Preclusive Imperialism

A
  • Preclusive Imperialism
    + countries take colonies to prevent others from doing so
    + Monroe Doctrine
38
Q

US FP - Samoa

A
  • Samoa
    + Preclusive imperialism
    + USA was aware of increasing German and British interest in the area
    + USA established a protectorate
39
Q

US FP - Hawaii

A
  • Hawaii
    + 1898 USA annexed Hawaii
    + important as a stopping station on the way to Japan and China and US missionaries had settler there
    + 1890s 3,000 American sugar growers
    +1887 Peral Harbour established
    + 1890 McKinley tariff removed on raw sugar
40
Q

US FP - Philippines

A
  • Philippines
    +Treaty of Paris 1898 (ended Spanish American war) USA was allowed to purchase Philippines for $20m
    _ preclusive imperialism
  • USA fight 4 yrs costing around $600m to ensure Philippines did not become independent
41
Q

US FP - Latin America

A
  • Latin America
    + Puerto Rico
    _ Before Spanish American war it had a a degree of independence but 1898 it was invaded by American troops - Organic Act 1900 - PR was administered by USA
    + Venezuela
    _ 1895 Britain and Venezuela were in dispute of the border with Guiana. UK backed down after America threatened to send troops - Arbitration decided in favour of Venezuela
42
Q

US FP - Spanish American War 1898

A
  • Spanish American war
    + 1898
    +Cuba was on US doorstep (according to Monroe doctrine) BUT Cuba was controlled by Spain
    + Cuba wanted independence
    + Spain refused then accused America of being a weaker bidder - McKinely was very offended
43
Q

US FP - Spanish American War 1898

A
  • Spanish American war
    + 1898
    +Cuba was on US doorstep (according to Monroe doctrine) BUT Cuba was controlled by Spain
    + Cuba wanted independence
    + Spain refused then accused Spain of being a weaker bidder - McKinley was very offended
    _ then the Mine incident occurred
    _ American battleship blew up - US thinks it was due to a mine
44
Q

What were the reasons for US involvement in the Spanish American War?

A
  • Partly inspired by an aggressive and patriotic press campaign that inflamed public opinion - Yellow press
  • Economic motives - partly due to protect US business interests in Cuba but also to offer a deliberate distraction from the Depression 1890
  • Intervention was inevitable given the misrule of the Spanish, geological closeness of Cuba and the Monroe Doctrine
  • Real fears in USA that they would not be able to control an independent Cuba - threaten American interests on the Island
45
Q

Defeating Spain in the Spanish American War

A
  • April 1898, US forced double attacked the Spanish forces
  • combination of land forces and the Navy blockade forced the Spanish Troops to surrender after less than a week
46
Q

Results of the Spanish American war

A
  • Treaty of Paris 1898
    + Cuban independence was recognised but the USA were allowed Guantanamo Bay
    + Spain lost the past parts of its American empire by ceding Puerto Rico
    + USA purchased the Philippines for $20m
    + Spain also ceded the Pacific Island
47
Q

US FP 1901-12 Latin America (Cuba)

A
  • Cuba
    + After SA war, debate about what the USA should do with Cuba
    + 1901 Platt Amendment (USA can annex a country if USA is at threat)
    +1903 - treaty signed which imposed a new political system and made it economically dependent on the USA
48
Q

US FP 1901-12 Latin America (Panama canal)

A
  • Panama Canal
    + USA had long supported the building of the canal
    + French company originally started the build but then an American company took over - Colombia demanded $15m from gov & $10m from new American company - Roosevelt refused
    + 1903 Panamanians staged a revolt from Colombia - USA helped and sent battleships - eventually Panama achieved independence and Colombia accepted $10m for the land to build canal
49
Q

US FP 1901-12 Latin America - Nicaragua

A
  • Nicaragua
    + Important to USA as it had the possibility of a canal site and high level of economic investment in the country
    + 1909 president of Nicaragua threatened these interests as he cancelled the economic privileges that the USA minors had
    + Taft send marines to install a pro-American president Diaz
    + USA provided huge loans and in return the USA controlled Nicaraguan National Bank
    + 1912 - US troops sent in to stop the threat of a revolution - USA controlled it for a further 10yrs
50
Q

US FP 1901-12 - Latin America Dominican republic

A
  • DR
    + US police power
    1903 DR defaulted on the repayment of American loans ($40m)
    + 1904 Roosevelt took control of custom revenues and used it to pay off his debt
51
Q

US FP 1901-12 Far East - China

A
  • China
    + USA had no desire to expand territorially into China
    +1899 Open Door Policy
    1900 Boxer rebellion broke out - US sent troops to help rescues forgein embassies
52
Q

US FP 1901-12 Far East - Japan

A
  • Japan
    + substantial immigration into both Hawaii and USA
    _ 1900 legislation put a stop to this
    + 1904-05 Japan defeated Russia - Roosevelt helped negotiate the end of the war Treaty of New Hampshire
    + 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement signed to improve US & Japan relations
53
Q

Progressive reforms 1912-20 - Banking

A
  • Banking
    + Federal Reserve act 1913 - maintain balance between big buis and needs of a wider community
    _ enabled the reserve banks to control money supply
    _ 1923 70% of the nations banking resources were in the reserve
54
Q

Progressive reforms 1912-20 - Anti trust measure

A
  • Anti trust measures
    + Federal trade commission
    _ investigate corporations and stop unfair practices
    _ FTC administered 400 cease-and-desist order - still in effect today
    + Clayton Anti-trust act 1914
    _ gave more powers to enforcing the Sherman Anti-trust act
55
Q

Progressive reforms 1912-20 Economic and financial reforms

A
  • Economic and financial reforms
    + Underwood Tariff
    _ October 1913
    _ significantly reduced many duties and freed certain items from them entirely
    + Income tax
    _ replace the gov income lost when Underwood tariff came into place
    _ 1917 gov was receiving more money from income tax than it ever did on tariffs
56
Q

Progressive reforms 1912-20 Social reforms

A
  • Social reforms
    + Federal Child Labour Act 1916 - 1918 unconstitutional
    + 1916 Workmen’s compensation act - 8hr day
    + Wilson had little sympathy to trade unions
57
Q

Progressive reforms 1912-20 African Americans

A
  • African Americans
    + Wilson placed segregationists in charge of federal agencies
    + 1912 Wilson won the NAACP support by promising to treat blacks equally
58
Q

1916 Election
Wilson 2nd term

A
  • Wilson - desire for neutrality
  • Progressive party tried to nominate Roosevelt but he declined and this ultimately lead to the downfall of the party
59
Q

How progressive war Wilson?

A
  • he introduced a series of economic and welfare reforms
    -introduced significant changes to the constitution
  • continued anti-trust legislation
  • introduced income tax and federal reserve
  • However, after 1914 there were little reforms for the next 6yrs
60
Q

Wilson and moral diplomacy

A
  • Wilson and William Jennings Bryan thought that the USA had a responsibility to improve the lives of forgein people through US example
  • Moral diplomacy - desire to do good would govern US policy
  • Wilson gave $20m reparations to Columbia
61
Q

Wilson idealism

A
  • Wilson declared that the future co-operation in Latin America would only be possible with gov. Goal: to support the orderly processes of just gov based upon law and not irregular forces
  • Some success:
    + he fought against special concessions - repeal 1912 law exempting US costal shipping from paying tolls in p
    Panama canal
  • US interests built highways, bridges, airfields, hospitals and schools throughout Latin America
62
Q

The Onset of war, 1914

A
  • USA adopted a policy of neutrality which maintained until April 1917
  • 1916 election - Wilson campaigned to keep the USA out of it
63
Q

Reasons for neutrality WW1

A
  • Public opinion
    + prevaling mood that the war had nothing to do with the US
  • Wilsonianism
    + Wilson sought himself with neutrality
    + 1914 Decleration of Neurtality
64
Q

Tensions of concerning neutrality WW1

A
  • Pro British feeling
    + favoured British
  • Anti-German feeling
    + Germany posed a threat to US interests and it would be better helping the Allies
    + Anti-German propaganda
  • Trade
    + 1914 USA trading with most major nations
    + $549m good to Britain
    + 1916 trade with Germany was 1% of 1914 trades
65
Q

Unrestricted submarine warfare, Feb-Aug 1915

A
  • Feb 1915 Germany decaled British water a war zone
  • Wilson responded by warming Germany that he would hold them accountable for any American lives on ships sunk by Germany
66
Q

An end to war?

A
  • Wilson was increasinly considering a post war world where there would be no war
  • 1916 Wilson gave a speech in which he would outlined the factors that lead to war such as secret diplomacy - lead to distrust between nations
67
Q

End to war? failure of peace initiatives

A
  • April 1915, the USA entered the war
    + Wilson realised if they did not enter the war they would lose credibility as a peacemaker
68
Q

Reasons to enter the war?

A
  • Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare
    + Jan 1917 Ger gave 8hr notice that they are going to sink all ships in the British water war zone - several US ships sunk
  • German activities within the USA
    + Wilson did not trust Ger-Amer and some were spies - internal traitors
  • Zimmerman telegram
    + Jan 1917 Heinrich told Mexican gov to go to war with USA and they would receive Texas and Ger support - USA felt threatened
  • Declaration of war
    + April 1917, Wilson asked for Congress’ authority to make war on GER
69
Q

USA War economy

A
  • Paying for the war
    + $33.5b + $7b to allies
    + gov collected $10.5b taxes
  • War industries
    + 1917 creation of war industries board
    + US steel made $0.5b in 2yrs
  • Railroads
    + raised wages and raised passenger prices
  • Agriculture
    + 1917 Lever food and fuel control act
    _ set wheat prices $2.20 per bushel
    _ set up campgain to eat sensibly - ration less
70
Q

US War workers

A
  • National War Labour Board 1918
  • War Labour Policies Board set wages and standards of employment
  • women
    + 6,000 women engaged in aircraft manufacture
    + Labour unions refused to accept women as they thought it would bring down wages
71
Q

US War African Americans

A
  • Migration of African Americans
    + 1914-18 500,000 migrated North
    + less racism when abroad in Europe - changed their prospective
  • Patriotism of AA
    + 360,000+ AA volunteered to fight
  • Suppression
    + American politicians feared AA would not support the US in war when they clearly faced prejudice and discrimination at home
72
Q

Wilsons 14 points

A
  • Wilson wanted a peace settlement that would bring lasting peace
  • proposed 14 points
    + main: set up League of Nations
73
Q

The peace conference

A
  • Paris 1919
  • Wilsons idea of everlasting peace based on fairness and moral principles did not necessarily receive sympathetic audience
  • Wilsons main priority was the creation of the League of Nations
74
Q

USA and the League of Nations - why did Wilson fail?

A
  • Wilson was ill - went against doctors orders and toured the US - then collapsed - Campagin over
  • Wilson refused to compromise - there was a compromise bill but Wilson told Dems to oppose it
75
Q

USA by 1920 - economy

A
  • Economy
    + by 1920 - US was the words leading industrial nation
    + Countries effected by the war bought supplies off USA
    + US manufactures and farmers took over Europe
    + by 1920 USA produced 70% worlds oil
    + small farmers were struggling with competition from Canada and NZ
76
Q

USA by 1920 - Society

A
  • Society
    + diverse and multicultural
    + waves of immigration (exploitation & poverty)
    + AA (esp. S) were 2nd class citizens due to discrimination, segregation and intimidation
    + Native Americans lost land and way of life
77
Q

USA by 1920 - Politics

A
  • Politics
    + expansion of the role of president and the federal government esp. Roosevelt and Wilson
    + USA went from isolationism to involvement in WW1

Making of a super power 1865-1975 (5 decks)

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