The Study of Human Anatomy Flashcards
Gross anatomical level
examination of structures visible to the naked eye (e.g. bones, muscles, blood vessels)
Histological level
microscopic level of analysis (e.g. cells,
tissues, microscopic organ details)
Regional Anatomy
structures in a single region are
examined as a group (thorax, back, head and neck)
Systemic Anatomy
focus on all organs and structures that
share a common function
Surface Anatomy
the study of shapes and landmarks on
the surface of the body that reveal underlying structures
Tube within a tube body plan
inner tube (respiratory and digestive organs); outer tube – the outer body wall (axial skeleton, muscles, and nervous structures)
Bilateral symmetry
the left half of the body mirrors its right
half
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Spinal cord developmentally derived
from dorsal hollow nerve cord and notochord of the embryo (associated with the presence of a “backbone”)
Notochord and vertebrae
a stiff rod replaced by the vertebrae
during development, remnants persist as the disks between vertebrae
Segmentation
repeating units of similar structure that run
from the head along the full length of the trunk (e.g. ribs)
Pharyngeal arches
pouches that give rise to structures in the
head and neck regions
Mammals
- mammary glands (milk)
- Thermoregulating organisms
-Hair or fur bearing organisms – Heat retention - Neocortex – brain region
- Care for young
- Three middle ear bones – Incus, Malleus and Stapes
Primates
1st rank:
- Easily adapts
- Large brains – Intelligence
- Visual acuity
- Color Vision
- Shoulder girdle – Circumduction – large degree of movement in the upper limb.
- Dexterous hands – Circumduction, opposition of the thumb
Dorsal body cavity
located posteriorly (in the back). Consists of cranial and vertebral cavity
Ventral body cavity
larger of the two cavities, situated anteriorly (in the front). Consists of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity, along with diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
- pleural cavity - lungs
- mediastinum – heart and other thoracic organs
- pericardial cavity – heart and roots of the great vessels
Abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominal cavity – digestive viscera
- pelvic cavity – organs of the urinary and reproductive systems
Coronal plane
vertical, divides the body into anterior and
posterior sections
Sagittal plane
vertical, divides the body into a right and left section
Midsagittal plane
vertical, divides the body into equal in
size right and left sections
Transverse plane
