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ANA 209 > The Study of Cells > Flashcards

The Study of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How have developments in microscopy changed our view of cell structure?

A

In the 20th century, images from electron microscopes revealed the tiny internal landscape of cells, including organelles and millions of large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. The scanning electron microscope helps to give a 3D image that give a since of texture and landscape. The transmission electron microscope also helps to magnify to see the cells.

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1
Q

Name the common sell shapes.

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Polygonal, Stellate, Spheroid, Discoid, Fusiform (spindle-shaped), and Fibrous.

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2
Q

Which cell type is this?

A

Squamous

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3
Q

Which cell type is this?

A

Cuboidal

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4
Q

Which cell type is this?

A

Columnar

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5
Q

Which cell type is this?

A

Polygonal

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6
Q

Which cell type is this?

A

Stellate

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7
Q

Which cell type is this?

A

Spheroid

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8
Q

Which cell type is this?

A

Discoid

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9
Q

Which cell type is this?

A

Fusiform (spindle-shaped)

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10
Q

Which cell type is this?

A

Fibrous

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11
Q

What are the basic components of a cell?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, cytosol), and nucleus.

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12
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

An organelle containing nucleoplasm.

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13
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Boundary between the fluid outside the cell and the fluid inside (intracellular) the cell. Primarily made of phospholipids.

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14
Q

What allows cell to cell identification?

A

Carbohydrate chains.

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15
Q

What allows the passage of solutes all the time?

A

Channel protiens.

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16
Q

What opens and closes to allow the passage of various solutes?

A

Gated channels.

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17
Q

What allows neighboring cells to stick to each other?

A

Cell adhesion molecules.

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18
Q

What stabilizes the phospholipid bilayer at high temperatures?

A

Cholesterol.

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19
Q

What forms the fluid portion of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer.

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20
Q

What acts as recognition sites for hormones and neurotransmitters?

A

Receptors

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21
Q

What is the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus?

A

Cytoplasm

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22
Q

What is the material within the nucleus?

A

Nucleoplasm

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23
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

Cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, embedded in the gelatinous cytosol. It also consists of a clear gelatinous cytosol in which are embedded.

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24
Q

What is the fluid within a cell called?

A

Intracellular fluid

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25
Q

What are the body fluid not contained in the cell called?

A

Extracellular fluid

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26
Q

Explain the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail of phospholipids.

A

The hydrophilic head interacts with water and the hydrophobic tail is composed of fatty acids.

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27
Q

What does cholesterol do for animal membranes?

A

These are essential for maintaining the integrity, flexibility, and strength of the membrane fabric.

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28
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

These are in the membrane to enable it to heal itself.

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29
Q

What are the functions of the membrane proteins?

A

They are receptors for chemical signals, enzyme, channel proteins, gates, transport proteins (carriers), cell-identity makers, cell-adhesion molecules.

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30
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

These are integral proteins (which may span the membrane) that have an attached carbohydrate chain.

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31
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

These proteins penetrate from one side of the plasma membrane to the other. Most of which are glycoproteins.

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32
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

These are attached to the intracellular or extracellular face of the membrane and do not penetrate into the phospholipid layer.

33
Q

What is filtration?

A

This is the method of transport in which a physical force drives water and small solutes through a membrane such as the wall of a blood capillary. It is especially important in the transfer of substances from the bloodstream through capillary walls to the tissues.

34
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

This is the process in which molecules move spontaneously down a concentration gradient from a point of high concentration to a point of lower concentration. Substances can diffuse through a plasma membrane if they are small enough to fit through channels in the membrane or are soluble in its phospholipid.

35
Q

What is osmosis?

A

This is the net diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a side with less dissolved matter to the side with more dissolved matter.

36
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

A

This is the net movement of water in the opposite direction because of a force, such as blood pressure, applied to one side of a membrane.

37
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

This is when carrier proteins ferry a molecule from one side of the membrane to another down the concentration gradient. Thus, ions and water-soluble molecules can still cross the membrane. This passive process does not require cellular energy.

38
Q

What is active transport?

A

This requires ATP and moves molecules against their concentration gradient. An important example of active transport is the Na+K+ (sodium potassium) pump that maintains an appropriate ion balance for nerve conduction and muscle excitation.

39
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

This is when larger particles of water are moved in and out of the cell through the energy-required processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Phagocytosis (literally, cell “eating”) occurs when a cell surrounds a substance and engulfs it. Pinocytosis (cell “drinking”) enables cells to engulf droplets of extracellular fluid. Receptor-mediated endocytosis allows a cell to take in specific molecules from the ECF such as insulin. Exocytosis is the process of expelling material from the cell by enclosing a cell product in a secretory vesicle and fusing the bubble with the plasma membrane.

40
Q

What are the different types of cell extesions?

A

Microvilli, cilia, and flagella.

41
Q

What are microvilli?

A

A type of cell surface extension. Microvilli are small outcroppings that increase surface area for absorption. Also plasma membrane extension and brush border.

42
Q

What are cilia?

A

A type of cell surface extension. These are longer hairlike processes. Some are motile and beat in waves across the surface of epithelial sheets. Include primary cilium, motile cilia, axoneme (microtubules), and dynein (motor protein).

43
Q

What are flagella?

A

A type of cell surface extension. These are similar in structure to cilia but are longer and are single. In humans, only sperm cells have whip-like flagella.

44
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

This is a spongy carbohydrate coating every cell surface, formed by the carbohydrate components of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Functions include cell identity, body’s ability to distinguish its own tissues from foreign invaders, and in cell adhesion.

45
Q

What are cell junctions and what are the four major types?

A

Cell junctions are how cells are linked to each other and to extracellular material. The four major types are tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions.

46
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Tight junctions form a zipperlike seal that encircles a cell and joins it tightly to neighboring cells. They prevent the nonselective passage of materials through the epithelium, ensuring that most substances that do pass through must travel through the cytoplasm of the cells themselves.

47
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

These are protein patches that mechanically link one cell to another and enable tissues to resist stress.

48
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

The are like half a desmosome. They bind epithelial cells to an underlying basement membrane.

49
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

These are pores surrounded by a ringlike connexon, a circle of six membrane proteins. Solutes can pass directly from cell to cell through the use of gap junctions.

50
Q

What type of cellular junction is this?

A

Tight junction

51
Q

What type of cell junction is this?

A

Desmosome

52
Q

What type of cell junction is this?

A

Gap junction

53
Q

What does the cell interior consist of?

A

Cytosol, cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions.

54
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Fluid of the cell.

55
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The structural component of the cell. It os a supportive framework for the cell composed of protein microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Determines shape, organizes contents, move substances, move cell, and terminal web.

56
Q

What are organelles?

A

These are the functioning structures in the cell.

57
Q

What are inclusions?

A

These are the non-essential structures in the cell.

58
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

There are made of the protein actin. They form a supportive terminal web on the inner face of the plasma membrane, support microvilli, and provide for cell movements such as muscle contraction.

59
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

These are larger, stiffer, filaments, such as the ones found in desmosomes and the keratin in epidermal cells. These give the cell its shape, resist stress, and contribute to intercellular junctions.

60
Q

What are microtubules?

A

These are hollow cylinders composed of the protein tubulin. They hold organelles in place, form bundles that maintain cell shape, form tracks that guide the movements of organelles and other materials within a cell, and form structures as centrioles, basal bodies, axonemes, and mitotic spindles.

61
Q

Describe organelles.

A

These are “little organs” that are metabolically active and comparative contents of cell. They carry out the detailed work of the cell.

62
Q

Name some organelles.

A

Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and centrioles.

63
Q

Describe the nucleus.

A

This is the largest organelle. It contains most of the cells DNA and chromosomes. It is bordered by a nuclear envelope composed of two unit membranes perforated with large nuclear pores. The nucleoplasm or nuclear contents, contains 46 chromosomes and often one or more nucleoli. It also is the genetic control center, produce ribosomes.

64
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

This is a system of interconnected channels called cistermae, which often occupy most of the cytoplasm. Areas called rough ER have relatively flat cisternae and are studded with ribosomes. Areas called smooth ER have more tubular cisternae and lack ribosomes. These are also major sites of protein synthesis. The ER synthesizes phospholipids, steroids, and other lipids; produces all the membranes of the cell; and detoxifies some drugs. These are scanty in most cells, but abundant in cells that synthesize steroids or engage in detoxification. It functions as a calcium reservoir in muscle cells and some others.

65
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

These are protein-synthesizing granules of RNA and enzymes, found free in the cytosol, attached to the rough ER and nuclear envelop, and in the mitochondria and nucleoli. It also reads genetic messages -> assemble amino acids -> synthesize proteins.

66
Q

What is the golgi complex?

A

This is like the endoplasmic reticulum, and consists of cisternae. It synthesizes carbohydrates and puts the finishing touches on proteins, sometimes attaching carbohydrate bits so that they become glycoproteins. The golgi complex sorts proteins and packages them into golgi vesicles that may be exported in the process of exocytosis. Some of the vesicles become lysosomes.

67
Q

Describe the interaction between the ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi complex.

A

Ribosomes ink amino acids together in a genetically specific order to make a particular protein. This new protein threads its way into the cisterna of the roughER, where enzymes trim and modify it. The altered protein is then shuffled into a little transport vesicle, a small, spheroidal organelle that buds off the ER and carries the protein to the nearest cisterna of the Golgi complex.The Golgi complex sorts these proteins, passes them along from one cisterna to the next, cuts and splices some of them, adds carbohydrates to some of them, ad finally packages the proteins in membrane-bounded Golgi vesicles. These vesicles bud off the swollen rim of the cisterna farthest from the ER. They are seen in abundance in the neighborhood of the Golgi complex. Some Golgi vesicles become lysosomes; some migrate to the plasma membrane and fuse it, contributing fresh protein and phospholipid to the membrane; and some secretory vesicles that store a cell product, such as breast milk, mucus, or digestive enzymes, for later release by exocytosis.

68
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

These are membrane-enclosed packets of enzymes that break down macromolecules, expired organelles, and phagocytized foreign matter, and assist in programmed cell death (apoptosis).

69
Q

What are proteasomes?

A

Cylindrical organelles that break down proteins. Cell marks “old” proteins for disposal by proteasomes. These organelles degrade 80% of a cell’s proteins.

70
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

They resemble lysosomes. they contain enzymes that detoxify substances such as alcohol and other drugs and neutralize free radicals. They also break fatty acids into 2-carbon molecules that may enter metabolic pathways that ultimately produce ATP. They produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. They are abundant in liver and kidney.

71
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

These are called the “power-house of the cell” because they are a primary source of ATP. A double membrane encloses them. The inner membrane has folds called cristae, surface area for enzymes associated with production of ATP. These are fascinating because they have their own DNA.

72
Q

What is a centriole

A

This is a short cylindrical array of nine triplets of microtubules. They are usually two centrioles in a clear patch of cytoplasm the centrosome. Each cilium and flagellum also has a solitary basal centriole called a basal body, which give rise to the axoneme. Centrioles consist of an assembly to microtubules. Centrioles found in the centrosome, an area near the nucleus, play a role in cell division. The centrosome is a center for microtubules, components of the cytoskeleton. Centrioles may also form cilia and flagella, structures which are made up of bundles of microtubules.

73
Q

What are inclusions?

A

These are not essential to cell survival. They store cellular products (pigments, fat droplets, granules of glycogen). Contain foreign bodies (dust particles, viruses, intracellular bacteria.

74
Q

What is the cell cycle (life of a cell)?

A

This consists of G1 (first gap) phase in which a cell grows and carries out its tasks for the body, S (synthesis) phase in which it replicates its DNA, a G2 (second gap phase in which it prepares for mitosis, and an M (mitotic) phase in which it divides. G1, S, G2 collectively constitute the “interphase” between cell divisions. Cells that have left the cycle are stopped dividing, either temporarily or permanently, are in the G0 phase. Mature skeletal muscle cells, neurons, and some other cells are incapable of mitosis and stay in G0 permanently.

75
Q

What is mitosis?

A

This is the made of cell division employed by an embryonic development, growth, replacement of dead cells, and repair of injured tissue. It consist of 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

76
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense and become visible by LM as paired sister chromatids joined by a centromere. the nuclear envelop disintegrates and. microtubules grow from the centrioles.

77
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

The chromosomes align on the equator of the cell, while microtubules attach to their centromeres and form a mitotic spindle.

78
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

The centromeres divide and the sister chromatids separate from each other, becoming single stranded daughter chromosomes. These chromosomes migrate toward opposite poles of the cell.

79
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The daughter chromosomes cluster at each end of the cell, uncoil, and become finely dispersed chromatin, as a new nuclear envelop forms around each cluster.

80
Q

What is cytokenssis?

A

This begins during anaphase and consists of division of the cytoplasm into two distinct cells.

81
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are immature cells that can develop into one or more type of mature, specialized cells. They develop plasticity. Adult stem cells are in most body organs and produce cells for normal turnover. They can be multipotent (able to differentiate into only one mature cell type. Embryonic stem cells composed of 150 cells from pre-embyos.

ANA 209 (6 decks)

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