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ANA 209 > Introduction & Terminology > Flashcards

Introduction & Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy.

A

The study of the structure of the human body.

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2
Q

What are the methods of medical imaging.

A

Radiography, Computed tomography (CT scan), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan).

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3
Q

Discuss the variability of human anatomy.

A

Not a lot of people have “normal” position of organs. There are many variations in both internal and external anatomy. Some of the anatomy taught in an introductory course is true of as little as 70% or so of the population.

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4
Q

List (in order) the levels of structural complexity of the body, from atom to organism.

A

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms. Gross anatomy (organism to organ levels). Microscopic anatomy (organ to cellular level). Cytology (cellular to molecular). Ultrastructure (organelle to molecular).

Acronym (AMMOCTOSO)

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5
Q

Name the human organ systems.

A

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male reproductive, and female reproductive.

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6
Q

What are the 3 fundamental anatomical planes of the body?

A
  1. Sagittal (right/left portions), including median (midsagittal) plane (equal halves), and parasagittal (unequal portions)
  2. Frontal (coronal), including dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
  3. Transverse (horizontal), including dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
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7
Q

Define physiology.

A

The study of the function of the human body.

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8
Q

What are anomalies?

A

These are the rules, not the exceptions.

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9
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Large-scale structure visible to the naked eye.

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10
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

Structure that can be seen without cutting, as in routine patient examination.

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11
Q

What is radiological anatomy?

A

Use of imaging methods to view the internal anatomy of a living person.

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12
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

The study of one organ system at a time, and is the approach of most intro textbooks.

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13
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

The study of all organs in a given body region such as the head or thorax, and is the usual approach in training doctors and surgeons.

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14
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

The study of one or more than one species in order to understand common themes and evolutionary trends in body structure.

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15
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

It is the microscopic analysis of cells. It involves the microscopic study of the tissues (histology), examination of tissues for signs of disease (histopathology), studying at a cellular level (cytology), and the study at the cellular to molecular level, usually with the electron microscope (ultrastructure).

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16
Q

What are the methods of study?

A

Inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion, and dissection.

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17
Q

Define inspection.

A

Looking at surface appearance.

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18
Q

Define palation.

A

Feeling a structure.

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19
Q

Define auscultation.

A

Listening to normal sounds. For example, listening to body sounds.

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20
Q

Define percussion.

A

Tapping and listening. For example, listening to sounds reverberating from a tap on the surface.

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21
Q

Define dissection.

A

Cutting and separating of tissues to study internal structure.

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22
Q

Describe radiography.

A

Radiography photographs internal structures with x-rays, which help see pathologies in dense tissues such as bones and teeth, and can help diagnose tumors. Contrast medium can be used for visualization of hollow organs. Angiography falls under this and will show blood vessels.

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23
Q

Describe computed tomography (CT scan)

A

This is a sophisticated application of x-rays that relies on computer analysis to reveal 3D, soft tissue anatomy.

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24
Q

Describe sonography.

A

This relies on sonar technology using ultrasound waves. It is frequently used in obstetrics to assess fetal age and position. It can also show a beating heart (echocardiography).

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25
Q

Describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

A

This uses magnetic fields to visualize soft tissues, and has been effective images of the spinal cord and brain. For example, a functional MRI reveals moment to moment changes in tissue activity associated with brain function.

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26
Q

Describe positron emission tomography (PET scan)

A

This is used to assess metabolic status of tissues. It produces color images that show which area is using the greatest amount of glucose. This allows for gamma ray detection. Also a part of nuclear medicine using radioisotopes.

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27
Q

How have PET scans and functional MRIs revolutionized our understanding of brain function?

A

They have the ability to produce images while a person is performing a specific task such as movement or cognitive tests that reveal what part of the brain is active during specific activities.

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28
Q

Describe nucelar medicine.

A

This is any medical use of radioisotopes for imaging, diagnostic, or treatment purposes (such as PET scans or cancer radiation therapy).

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29
Q

What is a dynamic spatial reconstructor (DSR)?

A

A modified CT scanner that produces 3D video images to show motion and volume changes.

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30
Q

Define the organs and functions of the integumentary system.

A

Organs: Skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

Functions: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication

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31
Q

Define the organs and functions of the skeletal system.

A

Organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments

Functions: Support, movement, protective enclosures of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance

32
Q

Define the organs and functions of the muscular system.

A

Organs: Skeletal muscles

Functions: Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production

33
Q

Define the organs and functions of the lymphatic system.

A

Organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Functions: Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease

34
Q

Define the organs and functions of the respiratory system.

A

Organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Functions: Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech

35
Q

Define the organs and functions of the digestive system.

A

Organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Function: Nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood

36
Q

Define the organs and functions of the nervous system.

A

Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

Functions: Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation

37
Q

Define the organs and functions of the endocrine system.

A

Organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

Functions: Hormone production, internal chemical communication and coordination

38
Q

Define the organs and functions of the circulatory system.

A

Organs: Heart, blood vessels

Functions: Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

39
Q

Define the organs and functions of the urinary system.

A

Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Functions: Elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification

40
Q

Define the organs and functions of the male reproductive system.

A

Organs: Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis

Functions: Production and delivery of sperm, secretion of sex hormones

41
Q

Define the organs and functions of the female reproductive system.

A

Organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

Functions: Production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones

42
Q

Describe the anatomical position.

A

Standing erect with feet flat, arms at the sides, palms, face, and eyes facing forward, supine (face up, lying on the back), prone (face down, lying face downward)

43
Q

What terms mean above or closer to the head?

A

Superior, cephalic, cranial.

44
Q

What terms mean below or closer to the feet?

A

Inferior and caudal.

45
Q

What terms mean toward the front?

A

Anterior and ventral.

46
Q

What terms mean toward the back?

A

Posterior and dorsal.

47
Q

What term means toward midline?

A

Medial

48
Q

What term means away from midline?

A

Lateral

49
Q

What term means closer to point of attachment or close to trunk?

A

Proximal

50
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Farther from point of attachment or further from trunk.

51
Q

What does superficial and external refer to?

A

Toward surface of the body.

52
Q

What does deep and internal refer to?

A

Toward center or core of the body.

53
Q

List the major body regions of the Anterior.

A
  1. Head
  2. Face
  3. Neck
  4. Chest
  5. Umbilical
  6. Abdominal
  7. Groin
  8. Pubic
  9. External genitals
  10. Thigh
  11. Leg
  12. Ankle
  13. Foot
  14. Sole
  15. Shoulder
  16. Armpit
  17. Arm
  18. Elbow
  19. Forearm
  20. Wrist
  21. Palm
  22. Hip
  23. Knee
54
Q

List the major body regions of the posterior.

A
  1. Cranial
  2. Nuchal (back of the neck)
  3. Inter-scapular
  4. Scapular
  5. Vertebral
  6. Lumbar
  7. Sacral
  8. Gluteal (buttock)
  9. Dorsum of hand
  10. Perineal
  11. Femoral
  12. Popliteal
  13. Crural
  14. Tarsal
  15. Calcaneal (heel)
55
Q

What is involved in the axial region?

A

Head, neck (cervical region), trunk. Within the trunk is thoracic region and abdominal region. Within the abdominal region is quadrants and nine region. The quadrants involves lines cross the umbilicus and within the nine regions are midclavicular line, subcostal line, and intertubercular line.

56
Q

What is involved in the appendicular region?

A

The upper limbs and the lower limbs. The upper limbs include arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region), wrist (carpal region), hand (manual region), and fingers (digits). The lower limbs include thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region), ankle (tarsal region), foot (pedal region), and toes (digits).

57
Q

How many regions can the abdomen be divided in? What are they?

A

4 QUADRANTS. Right, left, upper, and lower. This is done by perpendicular lines intersecting at the umbilicus.

Or the abdomen can be divided into 9 REGIONS. Hypochondriac region (upper left and right), lumbar region (middle left and right), Inguinal region (bottom left and right), epigastric region (upper middle), umbilical region (middle middle), hypogastric region (bottom middle),

58
Q

Name the lines that separate the abdomen into 9 regions.

A

Midclavicular line (2 vertical lines), Subcostal line (horizontal upper line), intertubercular line (horizontal lower line). For example, these look like the set up for tic-tac-toe.

59
Q

Describe the cranial cavity.

A

The cranial cavity is what houses the brain. Also enclosed by the cranium (braincase).

60
Q

Describe the vertebral canal.

A

The vertebral canal houses the spinal cord. Enclosed by vertebral column (backbone).

61
Q

What is lined by 3 membranes called the meninges?

A

The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.

62
Q

Describe the thoracic cavity and what it includes.

A

Superior to the diaphragm. Includes Mediastinum, pericardium (cavity and fluid), pleura (cavity and fluid).

63
Q

Describe the abdominopelvic cavity and what is involved.

A

Includes abdominal cavity, which is the superior portion, contains most of the digestive organs, and spleen, kidneys, and ureters. Also includes the pelvic cavity, which is the inferior portion, and includes the distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs.

64
Q

Describe the peritoneum.

A

The peritoneum is what lines the abdominal cavity. It includes parietal and visceral layers and lubricated by peritoneal fluid. Also contains the peritoneal cavity.

65
Q

What does it mean for an organ to be termed retroperitoneal?

A

This means the organ lies against the body wall and is covered by peritoneum on only one side.

66
Q

What does it mean for an organ to be termed intraperitoneal?

A

This means the organ lies within the cavity and are fully enfolded by the peritoneum.

67
Q

What does the posterior mesentery do?

A

This is the fold of the peritoneum which suspends the intestines from the posterior abdominal wall.

68
Q

Describe the mesocolon.

A

This is a part of the posterior mesentery and it supports the large intestines.

69
Q

Describe the anterior mesentery.

A

This is an anterior extension of peritoneum.

70
Q

What is the omentum?

A

This is what overhangs the intestines like an apron.

71
Q

What is the serosa?

A

The peritoneum folds around an organ such as the stomach or small intestine, and it forms an outer layer of the organ called the serosa.

72
Q

What are potential spaces?

A

Potential spaces are spaces were two membranes are pressed together but not physically attached, and the membranes may become separated by anything from a fetus to accumulated fluid or air.

73
Q

What is the terminologia anatomica (TA)?

A

This is the authority for naming anatomical structures.

74
Q

What are eponyms?

A

Terms coined from the names of people.

75
Q

Define rostral.

A

Toward the forehead or nose.

76
Q

Define Ipsilateral.

A

On the same side of the body.

77
Q

Define contralateral.

A

On opposite sides of the body.

ANA 209 (6 decks)

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