ANA 209 Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Label the masseter muscle and the origin and insertion.
Label the temporalis muscle and its origin and insertion.
Label the platysma muscle and its insertion.
Label the neck flexor.
AKA Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Label the neck extensor.
AKA Trapezius.
Label the muscles acting on humerus.
Deltoid
Label the muscles acting on the hip and femur.
Gluteal muscles
Label the heart external anatomy (anterior chambers).
Label the left coronary artery branches (anterior).
Label the thoracic aorta.
Label the inferior vena cava.
Label the arterial supply to upper limb.
Brachiocephalic, brachial, subclavian, axillary, radial, ulnar.
Label the leg arteries.
Label the thoracic duct.
Label the lymph node histology.
Label the lymph nodes.
Label the tonsils.
Define the skeletal muscle with respect to presence of absence of striations, voluntary or involuntary control, shape of cells, mitochondrial content; and term of the muscle cells.
Striated cells called muscle fibers or myofibers. Alternating light and dark bands.
Voluntary movement (conscious control) by attaching to bone.
Long, cylindrical and striated cell shape.
Abundance of mitochondria due to needing more ATP, but not as big or as many as cardiac muscles.
Muscle cells: Muscle fibers called myofibers.
Define the cardiac muscle with respect to presence of absence of striations, voluntary or involuntary control, shape of cells, mitochondrial content; and term of the muscle cells.
Found in the walls of the heart, striated, responsible for contraction.
Involuntary.
Short, thick cell shape. Ends of the cell are slightly branched, like a log with notches at the end.
Larger mitochondria and more than skeletal muscles and smooth muscles.
Cells are called myoctyes, cardiomyocytes, or cardiocytes.
Define the smooth muscle with respect to presence of absence of striations, voluntary or involuntary control, shape of cells, mitochondrial content; and term of the muscle cells.
No striations.
Involuntary.
Short and Fusiform cell shape. Tapered at ends. And cells are relatively small.
Less and smaller mitochondria than cardiac and smooth muscles.
Cells are called myocytes.
Explain the arrangement of a muscle’s endomysium and how it relates to the muscle fibers and fascicles.
Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber.
Creates room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber.
Provides extracellular chemical environment for muscle fibers and associated nerve endings.
When muscle fibers are excited, its based on the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions between the endomysial tissue fluid and the nerve and muscle fibers.
Explain the arrangement of a muscle’s perimysium and how it relates to the muscle fibers and fascicles.
Thicker connective tissue sheath, wraps muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles.
Carries the larger nerves and blood vessels as well as stretch receptors called muscle spindles.
Explain the arrangement of a muscle’s epimysium and how it relates to the muscle fibers and fascicles.
Fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle.
On the outer surface, the epimysium grades into fascia.
Inner surface issues projections between the fascicles to form the perimysium.
What are fascicles?
Visible to the naked eye as parallel strands.
The “grain” in a cut of mean; tender roast beef is easily pulled apart along fascicles.
Define sarcomere.
In skeletal and cardiac muscle, the portion of a myofibril from one Z disc to the next, constituting one contractile unit.
Functional contractile unit of the muscle fiber.
Explain a sarcomere’s relationship to the Z discs.
A muscle shortens because its individual sarcomeres shorten and pull the Z discs closer to each other, and dystrophin and the linking proteins pull on the extracellular proteins of the muscle.
Sarcomere connects one Z disc to the next.
Explain the basic action of the sarcomeres in muscle contraction.
When a muscle fiber contracts, the sarcomeres become shorter and the Z discs are pulled closer together.
What are the components of a motor unit?
Located in skeletal muscle.
One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by it.
Behaves as one functional unit.
Fibers from one unit are dispersed in muscle. And the muscle fibers
What is meant by the size of a motor unit?
Smaller motor units are found in areas where we need fine motor control. For example, muscles that cause subtle movements of the eyeball have only 3 to 6 muscle fibers per nerve fiber.
Large motor units are where strength is more important. The gastrocnemius muscle of the calf has about 1000 muscle fibers per nerve fiber.
Large motor units are stronger, but have larger neurons that are harder to stimulate, so not fine control.
Describe the synaptic vesicles with respect to a motor unit.
Axons of the motor neuron unit contain spheroidal organelles, synaptic vesicles.
Filled with a chemical called acetylcholine (ACh).
When a nerve signal reaches the terminal, some of the vesicles release ACh by exocytosis, binds to ACh receptors, Receptors respond and lead to muscle contraction.
Explain the blood supply to the skeletal muscles.
Tremendous demand for energy -> requiring a big blood supply for fuel and oxygen.
Blood capillaries run through the connective tissues of a muscle to reach every muscle fiber.
Some fibers have surface indentations to accommodate the capillaries.
The capillaries undulate or coil when the muscle is contracted, allowing them enough slack to stretch out straight when the muscle lengthens.
Explain the share of the circulating blood that the muscular system receives in rest and exercise.
At rest, muscular system receives about 1/4 of hearts output.
During heavy exercise, total cardiac output rises, and muscular system receives 3/4 + of heart’s output.
What is the most important muscle for opening the mouth, kissing, blowing air out, and smiling?
Orbicularis oris, muscle for the lips.
What are the 4 principal muscles that form the abdominal wall?
External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominal, and rectus abdominis.
What are the SITS muscles of the rotator cuff?
The 4 scapular muscle tendons to form the rotator cuff.
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
The tendons insert on the proximal end of the humerus and form a sleeve around it, providing stability for the mobile joint.
What are the muscles that supinate the forearm?
Biceps brachii and Supinator
What are the components of muscles of quadriceps femoris?
The anterior compartment of the thigh.
Prime mover of extension of the knee and the most powerful muscle of the body.
Contains 4 heads:
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius
All 4 converge on a single quadriceps tendon, which extends to the patella, then continues as the patellar ligament and inserts on the tibial tuberosity.
Explain the shape of erythrocytes.
Erythrocyte (RBC) is a discoidal cell with a biconcave shape - a thick rim and a thin sunken center.
No nucleus and almost no other organelles. Lacks mitochondria. Lack DNA.
Explain the shape of blood.
What are the names of the 3 layers of the heart wall and their histological compositions?
- Epicardium: Serous membrane on heart surface (Outer layer). Simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of areolar tissue. Some areas include thick adipose tissue.
- Endocardium: Lines interior of heart chambers. Simple squamous epithelium overlying thin areolar tissue layer, no adipose. Continuous with inner lining of endothelium.
- Myocardium: Cardiac muscle, lies between 2 layers, most mass of the heart. Made up of cells of cardiac muscles - cardiomyocytes.
What is the function and origin of coronary arteries? What is coronary circulation?
Coronary arteries:
Origin: Right and left CA, formed by aortic valve cusps.
Function:
- Anterior interventricular branch supplies blood to both ventricles and the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum.
- Circumflex branch supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior wall of the left ventricle.
- RCA supplies right atrium and sinuatrial node (pacemaker). 2 branches (right marginal and posterior interventricular branch)
Coronary circulation: System of blood vessels that serve the wall of the heart.
Reasons for the differences in muscularity between the atria and ventricles and between the right and left ventricles.
The atria have thin and flaccid walls because they only pump blood to the ventricles.
The right ventricle wall is moderately thick as it only pumps blood to the lungs.
The left ventricle is super thick as it must pump blood to the whole body.
Explain the great vessels relationship to the heart chamber, and branch off the aortic arch.
Aorta: Supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system. Takes blood from left half of heart (left ventricle)
brachiocephalic trunk: The brachiocephalic artery, brachiocephalic trunk, or more commonly referred to clinically as the innominate artery, is one of the three great vessels of the aortic arch that supplies blood to the head, neck and upper extremities. most proximal branch of the aortic arch. It comes off aorta and goes on anatomical right side.
Name two largest lymphatic vessels and location of their termination.
Right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct.
Right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein.
Thoracic duct empties in the left subclavian vein. Drains all of the body below the diaphragm, and the left upper limb and left side of he head, neck, and thorax.
