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history- nazi and weimar germany > the stresemann era(1923-29) > Flashcards

the stresemann era(1923-29) Flashcards

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1
Q

when did stresemann become chancellor

A

august 1923

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2
Q

how long did it take stresemann to end hyperinflation

A

He did this in just three months

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3
Q

what did stresemann do to end hyperinflation

A
  • stopped ‘passive resistance’ in the ruhr
  • promising to begin reparations payments again
  • introducing a new form of currency - the rentenmark
  • reducing government spending
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4
Q

how did ending policy of ‘passive resistance’ in the ruhr help stop hyperinflation

A

This helped Germany’s economy because….
- goods were back in production
- the Government could stop printing money to pay striking workers.

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5
Q

how did the rentenmark reduce hyperinflation

A
  • This stabilised prices as only a limited number were printed meaning money rose in value
  • value was linked to gold ppl could see it had real value.
  • This helped to restore confidence in the German economy.
  • encouraged international trade again as foreign governments could trust the new currency
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6
Q

how did promising to pay reparations help end hyperinflation crisis

A
  • This persuaded France and Belgium to end the occupation of the Ruhr by 1925
  • german industry could continue production helping economy
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7
Q

what were the two plans introduced to reduce reparations (in order)

A
  • the dawes plan - enforced september 1924
  • the young plan - enforced janurary 1930
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8
Q

what was the dawes plan

A
  • agreed september 1924
  • agreement between germany and usa
  • usa would loan germany 800 million marks
  • money would be invested into german businesses to help boost economy
  • helped to ensure reparations would be payed
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9
Q

positives of dawes plan

A
  • 800 million marks loan
  • money invested into german businesses to further boost economy
  • helped to ensure reparations would be payed
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10
Q

criticisms of dawes plan

A
  • criticised by nazis due to reliance on usa loan
  • us agreed loan would be paid off over an indefinite period of time however after wall street crash they wanted all the money back at once (though this was unforeseeable at the time)
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11
Q

what was the young plan

A
  • agreed january 1930
  • between us france and germany
  • reparations reduced from 6.6bn to 2bn some of which could be postponed each year if necessary
  • which would be paid across 59 years
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12
Q

positives of young plan

A
  • reduced reparations placing less pressure on germany
  • continuing of loans allowed german businesses to keep growing
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13
Q

criticisms of the young plan

A
  • criticised by nazis as it was ‘passing penalty to the unborn’ - those who had nothing to do with the treaty of versailles would be suffering in 59 years
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14
Q

only need 2 or 3

5 signs the german economy did recover during the golden years (pewif)

A
  • Production By 1928 industrial production levels were higher than those of 1913 (pre ww1)
  • Exports during this time exports rose (by 40 per cent)
  • Wages Hourly wages rose every year from 1924 to 1929 (and by 10 per cent in 1928 alone)
  • Farben (IG Farben) a German chemical manufacturing company, became the largest industrial company in Europe
  • Insurance Generous pension, health and unemployment insurance schemes were introduced from 1927
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15
Q

only remember 2

5 signs the german economy did not recover during the golden years

A
  • agricultural production did not recover to its pre-war levels
  • it spent more on imports than it earned from exports, so Germany was losing money every year
  • unemployment did not fall below 1.3 million and in 1929 increased to 1.9 million
  • German industry became dependent upon loans from the USA
  • The government ended up spending more than it received in taxes and so continued to run deficits from 1925 onwards
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16
Q

Locarno pact 1925

A

In October 1925 Germany, France and Belgium agreed to respect their post-Versailles borders. France also had to respect their frontier with Germany,
- france would not occupy the ruhr again
- german would not complain about lost colonies in tov

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17
Q

Germany’s entry into the League of Nations 1926

A
  • When the League of Nations was set up Germany was initially excluded.
  • germany signing the locarno treaties showed they were willing to accept the terms of treaty of versailles
  • also agreed they could apply to join league
  • a year later was accepted as a permanent member of the Council of League
  • making it one of the most powerful countries in the League.
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18
Q

when did germany join the league of nations

A

1926

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19
Q

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

A
  • signed by 61 countries including germany
  • agreed to settle disputes without using war
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20
Q

impact of kellogg briand pact on germany

A
  • increased german security
  • showed they were trusted again
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21
Q

impact of joining the league of nations on germany

A
  • boosted pride
  • became key member of international community again
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22
Q

what did the unemployment act 1927 do

A

3% of wages were charged and in return 60 marks a week were given if they became unemployed

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23
Q

when was the unemployment act

A

1927

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24
Q

what happened to average working hours a week during this time

A

they decreased between 1925-27 (from 50 hrs to 46)

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25
Q

dont memorise - just helpful context

how were attitudes to women and work connected to the german economy

A
  • attitudes towards women and work changed according to how well the economy did.
  • During times of economic crisis, such as the hyperinflation of 1923 and during the Great Depression, women returning home were seen as a solution to the problem of unemployment.
  • However, during the recovery of the mid-1920s women were welcomed into the workforce. The number of women in work was 1.7 million higher in 1925 than it had been in 1907.
26
Q

what happened to the employment of women in the golden years (+ evaluation) w/ statistics

A
  • during the recovery of the mid-1920s women were welcomed into the workforce. The number of** women in work was 1.7 million higher** in (1925 than it had been in 1907).
  • however Overall, the percentage of women in work only rose by less than 1 per cent between 1907 and 1925.
27
Q

what was life like for women during the struggle years for the weimar republic

link - living standards in weimar germany (either hyperinflation, wall street crash , or golden age)

A

During times of economic crisis, such as the hyperinflation of 1923 and during the Great Depression, women returning home were seen as a solution to the problem of unemployment.Women experienced pressure to return to their ‘traditional’ role as wives and mothers.

28
Q

what was the ‘new woman’

A

A ‘New Woman’ was independent, career-minded and reluctant to become a wife or mother. They enjoyed freedoms that women of previous centuries had never experienced before

  • Buy clothes which were more revealing
  • Cut their hair short
  • Wear more makeup
  • Smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol
  • Be focused more on their careers than on becoming wives and mothers
29
Q

how did right winged parties feel about the new woman

A

The right wing vilified the ‘New Woman’ for destroying the traditional family unit.
Extremist parties like the Nazi Party campaigned to return women to their traditional role of wives and mothers.
They argued this would increase male employment

30
Q

dont memorise

what was expressionism

A

Expressionism in Weimar Germany used grotesque or exaggerated figures in violent scenes.
This aimed to make the audience uncomfortable. focused on feelings and interpretations of artists

31
Q

dont memorise

what was the golden age

A

a period of time when there was a high level of achievement people had more disposable income to spend on entertainment

32
Q

examples of film technology in germany

A

Films with sound, called ‘talkies’, became available in 1927. This highlights the new technology available to film-makers and the disposible income of the german population to be able to go to the cinema

the first german talkie was made in 1930

33
Q

how film culture grew in weimar

A
  • Germany began to compete with American film production
  • The german expressionist film The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari (1920) was one of the first horror films. the first ‘plot twist’ ending in cinema history
  • the popularity of cinema exploded in the 1920s
  • By 1929, there were roughly 500 cinemas across Germany
  • Films with sound, called** ‘talkies’**, became available in 1927. This highlights the new technology available to film-makers
  • first german talkie was made 1930
  • marlene dietrich was a progressive actress who was strong willed and wore mens clothes
34
Q

which-e

how did the standard of living improve after 1924

A
  1. higher wages
  2. Working hours reduced from 50 hrs to 46 between 1925 and 1927
  3. Unemployment insurance introduced in 1927
  4. workong conditions improved
  5. 1925-1929 101,000 new homes built
  6. more opportunities for young people wanting to attend uni (number in higher education increased by nearly 60% by 1928)
35
Q

SUV-C

how did the lives of women change in weimar republic

A

1) Women could vote and stand for election
2) Women had equal rights to men & could enter professional careers
3) allowed to smoke drink and go out alone
4) Women were encouraged to go to university
BUT
5) Most women still gave up work after they were married
6) gender pay gap

S-sufferage, U -university, V -vices(smoking &drinking), C - careers

36
Q

what evidence is there of a cultural boom after 1924

A

1) Art eg Otto Dix & Paul Klee
2) Film eg Marlene Dietrich
3) Architecture eg Bauhaus

37
Q

who was marlene dietrich

A

was a progressive actress who was strong willed and wore men’s clothes - shows changing position of women

38
Q

how did stresemann come out of power and what were the effects

A

3rd October 1929 Stresemann died

This damaged the Weimar Republic and Germany was plunged back into unrest

39
Q

when did stresemann die

A

october 3rd 1929

40
Q

social divide / the nazis / the left wing

what opposition was there to the golden age and stresemann

A
  • social divide -
    -some women found idea of liberation scary
  • many men thought changes to women were inappropriate - rise in divorce rates tin 1925
  • traditionalists believed women should focus on being mothers and wives
  • the nazis
  • believed golden age was corrupt
  • made berlin sex obsessed and was morally wrong
  • changes undermined traditional german values
  • the left wing
  • argued funding was spent on luxuries and extravagance when working people needed basic help
41
Q

why was there a social divide in response to golden age

A
  • social divide -
  • some women found idea of liberation scary
  • many men thought changes to women were inappropriate - rise in divorce rates in 1925
  • traditionalists believed women should focus on being mothers and wives
42
Q

nazi opinion of stresemann era / golden age

A
  • the nazis
  • believed golden age was corrupt
  • made berlin sex obsessed and was morally wrong
  • changes undermined traditional german values
43
Q

left wing opinion of stresemann era and golden age

A
  • the left wing
  • argued funding was spent on luxuries and extravagance when working people were still going hungry
44
Q

article 109

A

part of weimar constitution that stated
- women had equal rights to men
- marriage was an equal partnership
- women able to enter all professions

45
Q

how was article 109 ineffective

A
  • gender pay gap (33%)
  • still expected to give up work once married
  • few women entered high status professions
46
Q

how was article 109 effective

A
  • around 90% of women voted in elections
  • women in professional jobs such as teachers and doctors doubled in 1920s
47
Q

what did the nazis call the young plan

A

passing penalty onto the unborn

48
Q

example of how german film was innovative

A

the cabinet of dr caligari (1920) - one of the first horror movies and was the first movie to include a plot twist ending

49
Q

only need to know one

expressionist artists

A

otto dix and george grosz
painted expressionist scenes of german life which were critical of germany and expressed artists opinions

50
Q

who opposed it?

how were the changes in living standards and working conditions viewed by the public

A
  • mostly positive
  • disliked by big businesses as they viewed it as government interfering with their right to set wages and working hours
  • disliked by lower middle class - changes focused mainly on working class - felt their problems were being ignored
51
Q

what was the impact of the changing position of women in germany

A
  • birth rate decreased
  • divorce rates increased
52
Q

what was bauhaus

A

an art college in berlin that focused on simple lines and artisanship and the beauty of technology inspired einstein building - basically a futuristic art school

53
Q

right and left

political opinions on cultural boom in golden age

A
  • right wing viewed as an insult to traditions of germany
  • left wing money was wasted on arts when people were still going hungry
54
Q

one cause for cultural boom

A

economic recovery in 1920s meant more money was available to fund the arts

55
Q

when did stresemann resign as chancellor

A

november 1923

56
Q

what did stresemann do after resigning as chancellor

A

remained as foreign secretary

57
Q

why was stresemann still not satisfied with economic position in germany

A
  • relied heavily on foregin loans
  • said in speech that “economic position is only flourishing on the surface, germany is in fact dancing on a volcano”
58
Q

what did stresemann describe the economic position of germany as

A

“only flourishing on the surface “ and “dancing on a volcano”

59
Q

dawes and young

consequences of financial plans

A
  • increase in employment and trade creating wealth and improving faith
  • investment in german industry caused industrial output to double by 1928( passed pre ww1 levels)
  • extremists still opposed ~
  • recovery was fragile as it relied on us loans
60
Q

how did stresemann not help hyperinflation crisis

A
  • people had still lost their savings and there was no compensation for them
  • people who had lost businesses had to start from scratch
61
Q

impacts of locarno pact

A
  • increased support for weimar as germany had a say and were treated as equals
  • made war with france less likely (stresemann won nobel peace prize for preventing war)

history- nazi and weimar germany (9 decks)

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