The Spine

Question 1

is most back pain self-limiting?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

principles of management of back pain

Answer 2

not to image early
educate and reassurance
avoid bed rest and continue movement

Question 3

red flags for back pain

Answer 3

• aged under 20 or over 55
• non-mechanical back pain, constant
• history of cancer, steroids, HIV, immunocompromised
• systemic symptoms e.g. malaise, fever, unexplained weight loss
• structural deformity
• saddle anaesthesia/ paraestheasia/ loss of bowel or bladder control
• severe pain for longer than 6 weeks

Question 4

yellow flags for back pain

Answer 4

low mood
belief that activity is harmful and low education level
obesity
secondary gain e.g. compensation 
high level of pain/disability