the spine

Question 1

what are the joints of the vertebral column:

Answer 1

atlanto-occipital
atlanto- axial
facet
costovertebral

Question 2

where does the SC end

Answer 2

level of L2

Question 3

is lordotic curve normal for the lumbar spine

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what is the etiology of low back pain

Answer 4

genetics
physical loading
smoking
obesity 
physiological factors
alcohol

Question 5

what are the categories of low back pain

Answer 5

1) inflammation
2) NS hypersensitivity (chronic pain condition)
3) Psychosocial (fear of movement)
4) mechanical

Question 6

disc herniation is aggravated by what

Answer 6

lumbar flexion and rotation

Question 7

most herniated discs occur in the lumbar portion t or f

Answer 7

true

Question 8

what is cauda equina syndrome

Answer 8

when disc material is pushed into the spinal canal and compresses the bundle of lumbar and sacral roots

Question 9

define spinal stenosis:

Answer 9

central pressure on cauda equina
lateral pressure on lumbar nerve roots
flexion is better then ext for movement

Question 10

define spondylolisthesis

Answer 10

forward slippage of one vertebrae onto the other

bad with flexion from above and ext from below

Question 11

what is DDD

Answer 11

degenerative disc disease

discs degenerate leading to bone on bone articulation

Question 12

what is facet syndrome

Answer 12

result of repepitive stress, DDD, trauma

Question 13

define lumbar muscle strain

Answer 13

non specific mechanical lpb
pain with aching spasms
increase pain with activity and decrease with rest

Question 14

what is a foraminotomy

Answer 14

operation that cleans out the bony hole where a nerve root exists in the spinal cord

Question 15

what is the key element to treat LBP

Answer 15

exercise
aerobic conditioning
stretching
strengthening 
done through a controlled progressive program

Question 16

describe ant pelvic lean

Answer 16

tight: hip flexors, rectus femoris, ER, QL

weak= glutes, lower abs, hamstrings

Question 17

what are the 3 spinal ligaments

Answer 17

anterior longitudinal ligament(prevents hyperextension) 
posterior longitudinal ligament(prevents hyperFLEXION)(inside of vertebral canal)
ligamentum flavum (backside of vertebrae)

Question 18

does the ASIS rotate forward in the saggital plane during ant pelvic tilt

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

Australian / hollowing approach

Answer 19

segmental stability
multifidus & T.A
pelvic floor contract,palpate lat abs& contract,aduction movement

Question 20

McKenzie approach:

Answer 20

directional preference
PROM - AROM
NWB- WB (gravity eliminated)
if flexion hurts do extension - vise versa

Question 21

McGill approach:

Answer 21

spinal stiffness
curl up)no movement through lumbar spine, only through thoracic)
side plank (neutral spine, elbow supporting)
bird dog(4 point stance on hands and knees, contract glutes)
neutral spine- contract
ES and abs brace the spine