The Spine Flashcards
What are the spinal regions? how many in each?(6)
33 Vertebrae
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
4 Coccygeal
What are the Curves of the spine and what are the 2 groups?
Thoracic and Sacral = Kyphosis - Convex Posteriorly
Cervical and Lumbar = Lordosis - Convex Anteriorly
Thoracolumbar movements?(four)
Flexion - upper body forward
Extension - upper body back
Lateral rotation - upper body tilt to the side
Axial rotation - turn head
Cervical movements?(6)
Flexion - head forwards
Extension - head backwards
Right/left side flexion - head to tilt to right/left
Right/left rotation - turn head right/left
What separates the body?
Intervertebral discs
What articulates two vertebrae?
Zygapophyseal joints
What is the C1 vertebrae and what is its function?
The Atlas - articulates base of skull at the Atlantoocciptal joint
What is the C2 vertebrae and its function?
The Axis - articulates the atlas at the Atlantoaxial joint
What are the main spinal ligaments?(6)
Anterior/Posterior longitudinal ligaments
Ligamenta flava
Superiorspinal ligaments
Interspinal ligament
Intervertebral discs
Where is the Anterior longitudinal ligament? Function?
Descends anteriorly and laterally along vertebrae
Prevents hyperextension, reinforces sacrum
Where is the Posterior longitudinal ligament? Function?
Descends within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebrae
keeps discs in place
Where are the intervertebral discs? Function?
Between vertebrae
Supports, bares weight and absorbs impact
Where is the Ligamenta flava? Function?
Adjoin on lamellae of vertebrae
Prevent hyperflexion and aid movement
Where is the
Interspinal ligament? Function?
Connect spinal processes extending anteriorly to posteriorly
Aid stability, limit hyperflexion
Where is the
supraspinous ligament? Function?
Joins posterior spinal processes and descends inferiorly
Aids stability/ supports shape, spinal movement
What are the muscles in thoracic cage and their function?
Diaphragm - increases space in cage when contracted = decreases pressure = air in
IIM - Contracts to reduce space = increase pressure = air out
EIM - Contract = increases space = decrease pressure = air in
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Quadratus lumborum?
Action - Extends and laterally flexes trunk
Origin - Posterior half of iliac crest
Insertion - 12th rib, transverse process
Innervation - Anterior rami of 12th thoracic and 1st to 4th lumbar nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Multifidus ?
Action - Extends neck and trunk
Origin - PSIS, sacrum and transverse processes
Insertion - Spinous processes
Innervation - Medial branch nerve (of posterior rami of cervical, thoracic and lumbar nerves)
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Iliocostalis?
Action - Extends and laterally flexes neck and trunk
Origin - 3rd to 12th ribs, iliac crest
Insertion - Posterior tubercles of Transverse process
Innervation - Lateral branches of posterior rami of lower cervical, thoracic and lumbar nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Latissimus dorsi?
Action - Adducts, medially rotates and extends shoulder
Origin - Spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion - Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Innervation - Thoracodorsal nerve
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Transverse abdominis ?
Action - Compresses and provides structure
Origin - Thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion - Pubic crest
Innervation - Anterior rami of 7th to 12th thoracic nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Rectus abdominis ?
Action - Flexes trunk
Origin - Pubic crest and symphysis
Insertion - Xiphoid process on 5th to 7th ribs
Innervation - Anterior rami of 6th to 12th thoracic nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Internal oblique ?
Action - Flexes, laterally flexes and rotates the trunk
Origin - Iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion - 8th-12th rib, pubic crest and linea alba
Innervation - Anterior rami of 7th to 12th thoracic nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the External oblique?
Action - Flexes, laterally flexes and rotates the trunk
Origin - External surfaces and inferior borders of ribs
Insertion - ASIS, iliac crest
Innervation - Anterior rami of 7th to 12th thoracic nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Semispinalis cervicis?
Action - Extends and rotates head
Origin - Transverse process T1-T6
Insertion - Spinous processes C2-C3
Innervation - Medial branches of posterior rami of upper thoracic and lower cervicis
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Semispinalis capitis?
Action - Extends and rotates head
Origin - Superior articular processes, C4-C7
Insertion - Area located between superior and inferior occipital bones
Innervation - Greater occipital and third cervical nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Longus cervicis ?
Action - Flexes and rotates the head
Origin - Anterior C3-T3
Insertion - C1-C6
Innervation - Anterior rami of 2nd-6th cervical nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Levator scapulae ?
Action - Elevates and rotates shoulder, extends and laterally flexes head
Origin - Transverse processes, C1-C2
Insertion - Scapula
Innervation - Anterior rami of 3rd/4th cervical nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Splenius capitis ?
Action - Rotates and extends head
Origin - Spinal column
Insertion - Mastoid process
Innervation - Posterior rami, 2nd/3rd cervical nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Trapezius ?
Action - Elevates, depresses and retracts the shoulder, extends and laterally flexes the head
Origin - Occipital protuberance
Insertion - Clavicle
Innervation - Accessory nerve, 3rd/4th cervical nerve
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Scalenus ?
Action - Flexion (Lateral flexion) of head, rotates head
Origin - Transverse process of vertebrae
Insertion - First rib
Innervation - Anterior rami of 4th to 6th cervical nerves
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Platysma?
Action - Neck flexion, tense skin of neck
Origin - Clavicle/Pectoral fascia
Insertion - Mandible
Innervation - Cervical branch of facial nerve
Describe the Action, Origin, Insertion and Innervation of the Sternocleidomastoid?
Action - (Lateral)Flexion of head, rotates head
Origin - Sternal head
Insertion - Mastoid process/Clavicle
Innervation - Accessory nerve
What are the muscles of the thoracic cage?
Diaphragm
Internal/External intercostals
Structure of thoracic cage?
12 thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs
The Sternum.
Function of erector spinae muscles?
Flexes (and laterally flexes) trunk
Extends back and neck
What are the roots of the Brachial Plexus and which connect?
C5,6,7,8
T1
C5 and C6 connect
C8 and T1 connect
What are the Trunks of the Brachial plexus and how many divisions do they have?
Superior
Middle and
Inferior
each with 2 divisions, Anterior and Posterior
What are the cords of the brachial plexus and what are they made up of?
Lateral - Anterior superior and middle trunks
Posterior - Posterior of all trunks
Medial cord - Anterior of inferior trunks
What are the branches of the Brachial plexus and what are they made of?
Musculocutaneous - Lateral cord
Median - Lateral and Medial cord
Ulna - Medial cord
Axillary - Posterior cord
Radial - Posterior cord
