The Social-Cognitive Lens Flashcards
Whose approach emphasized situational factors, which are environmental circumstances that can influence behavior?
Walter Mischel.
What is a long-standing discussion/controversy in personality psychology triggered by Mischel’s findings, examining the role of personality traits & situational factors in behavior?
The person-situation debate.
What are the elements Mischel substituted for global traits in his personality model, (CAPS) the Cognitive Affective Processing System)?
Cognitive affective units (CAUs)
(CAUs include encoding strategies, personal constructs, expectancies, affects, goals & values, competencies & self-regulatory plans…
When activated by a situation, these units influence how a person perceives, interprets, & reacts to their environment, leading to their behavior.)
What are the processes through which individuals learn to adapt to different situations and achieve better functioning, often influenced by social learning and self-efficacy?
Adaptation & Adjustment.
Which of Bandura’s theories indicates that an individual gains confidence from social experiences?
Self-efficacy.
(Albert Bandura)
Which of Bandura’s theories suggested that people learn by watching someone else’s behavior and the resulting consequences of that behavior?
Observational learning.
(Albert Bandura)
What is a concept proposed by Bandura in which cognitive processes, behavior, and environmental contexts interact & mutually influence each other, shaping an individual’s personality and actions?
Reciprocal determinism.
(Previously learned information, prior rewards or punishments, and the environmental or social context are all part of reciprocal determinism.)
What are mental functions and activities related to thinking, reasoning, beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics, as emphasized in the social-cognitive perspective?
Cognitive processes.
When does the concept of reciprocal determinism take place?
Whenever an individual’s behavior, personal factors (thoughts/beliefs), and environmental factors are interacting simultaneously
Which theory was Mischel studying in the marshmallow study?
Self-regulation.
(Mischel studied self-regulation by testing if a child would resist temptation when unsupervised by an adult.)
Which trait did Mischel study in college students to determine its impact on behavior?
Conscientiousness.
(typified by hard work, orderliness, & self-discipline)
Who developed a theory of personality proposing that situation-behavior relationships are what define traits?
Walter Mischel.
(He suggested an individual’s behavior is fundamentally dependent on situational cues, counter to trait theorists’ perspective that behavior should be consistent across diverse situations.)
What are the 4 processes that account for learning from observation (aka observational learning), as defined by Banduras?
Attentional.
Retention.
Motor reproduction.
Motivational.
What is Mischel’s model for predicting behavior, which consists of several CAUs?
(CAPS) Cognitive Affective Personality System model.
According to Mischel, how do goals shape an individual’s personality?
By affecting the self-regulation process
Who felt that emotions play a role in determining behavior?
Walter Mischel.
Who felt that reinforcement provides incentives for performance but is not necessary for learning to occur.
Albert Bandura.
According to Bandura, what term refers to a person’s internal cognitive structure that includes their beliefs, attitudes, & abilities?
The self-system.
(Albert Bandura)
What term does Bandura use to describe behavioral changes that result from exposure to models’ exhibited behavior?
Modeling.
(aka imitative learning, observational learning, or vicarious learning)
What paradox, as proposed by Mischel, addresses the tendency for people to have consistent behaviors while also having inconsistent behaviors?
The consistency paradox.
(This paradox explains why people’s behavior can vary widely while their overall personality remains the same throughout their lives.)
Who believed traits can describe, but do not explain, personality?
Walter Mischel.
According to Mischel’s body of work, what component of the social-cognitive view is predictive of future behavioral outcomes?
Delayed gratification.
(the ability to resist acting on impulse, which is essential to self-control & self-regulation)
According to Mischel, what are two vital components to how an individual regulates their behavior?
Self-imposed goals & self-produced consequences.
What is the ability to control & manage one’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in a manner that aligns with long-term goals and values?
Self-regulation.
What are experiences where an individual learns by observing and identifying with others who have successfully achieved certain goals or overcome challenges?
Vicarious experiences.
(Related to vicarious learning; aka modeling, imitative learning, & observational learning)
What kind of learning is a central concept in Bandura’s theory that emphasizes the acquisition of behaviors and cognition through modeling and observation of others?
Social learning.
What is the cognitive and emotional representation of the self, which plays a significant role in self-confidence and personality development?
Self-concept.
(Albert Bandura?)
According to Albert Bandura, what type of EXPERIENCES refer to personal successes and achievements that contribute to an individual’s self-efficacy or self-belief in their capabilities?
Mastery experiences.
What expectancies did Mischel explain are central to how an individual perceives their ability to execute a behavior and achieve an outcome?
Self-efficacy expectancies.
What are the 4 types of self-efficacy expectancies?
Behavioral outcomes.
Learning outcomes.
Instructional outcomes.
Performance outcomes.
(refer to observable learner behaviors)
Which concept describes the focus of a study examining the consistency of openness and extraversion levels in different social contexts?
Trait vs situation.
(Situationists, opponents of the trait approach, argue that people are not consistent enough from situation to situation to be characterized by broad personality traits.)
Who suggests that a dynamic perspective on how people interact with their situations is significant?
Walter Mischel.
Who is internationally recognized as one of the world’s most influential social psychologists for his groundbreaking research on the importance of learning by observing others?
Albert Bandura.
Which personality theorist proposed that behavioral modeling has major implications for society?
Albert Bandura.
Which factors may impact emotional responses and behaviors in certain scenarios?
Situational cues. (environmental or contextual)
In what way does social learning explain a toddler’s tantrum?
Through aggressive modeling.
(The toddler learned to throw a tantrum based on observation.)
What behaviors did Bandura study?
Children’s aggressive behavior.
(Bandura explained it was a result of social modeling.)
What is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings?
Situationism.
