The social and cultural world

Question 1

What is quantitative methods and give examples

Answer 1

WHAT and HOW MANY
Very specific data from large/random sample of population
Quantifies findings
Impersonal, researcher does not interact
Unbiased
Structured, trends can be identified
For example:
Questionnaire
Content analysis
Statistical analysis
Observation

Question 2

What is Qualitative methods and give exampls

Answer 2

WHY and HOW
Usually not randomly selected
Interactive
Narrative report with conceptual description of behaviour, attitudes, beliefs
Direct quotations
Relies on researchers interpreting skills
For example:
Questionnaire
Content analysis
Interview
Focus group (planned discussion of small group brought together by moderator)
Secondary research
Personal reflection
Participant observation (researcher immersed in action)
Case study

Question 3

What does being ethical mean? When should ethical practises be applied?

Answer 3

morally right. For example informed consent, confidentiality and privacy, consideration of effects on participant, consideration of vulnerable groups, avoid covert research (not informing those being researched), and other materials acknowledged.
Should be applied during application of research methodologies.

Question 4

Four actions that result in ethical practises.

Answer 4

confidentiality and privacy, consideration of effects on participant, consideration of vulnerable groups, avoid covert research, other material acknowledged

Question 5

Define the research methods and provide advantages

Answer 5

1. Questionnaire: A set of written questions used to gather information from respondents.
   Example: A survey distributed to students asking about their study habits.
   2.Content analysis: Analyzing texts, media, or documents to identify patterns or themes.
   Example: Studying social media posts to understand public opinion on climate change.
   3.Statistical analysis: Using mathematical techniques to analyze numerical data and identify trends or relationships.
   Example: Examining unemployment rates over time to assess economic trends.
2. Observation: Watching and recording behaviors or events as they occur in a natural setting.
   Example: Observing children’s interactions at a playground to study social development.
   6.Interview: A conversation between a researcher and a participant to collect in-depth information.
   Example: Interviewing employees to understand their job satisfaction.
   7.Focus group: A planned discussion with a small group, guided by a moderator, to explore opinions or ideas.
   Example: A focus group discussing their experience with a new product.
   8.Secondary research: Using existing data or research gathered by others.
   Example: Analyzing previous studies on social media usage among teenagers.
   9.Personal reflection: Reflecting on personal experiences and insights as part of the research process.
   Example: A researcher reflecting on their own experiences in an ethnographic study.
   10.Participant observation: The researcher immerses themselves in the group being studied while also observing.
   Example: A researcher working as a waiter to study the dynamics of restaurant staff.
   11.Case study: An in-depth analysis of a particular individual, group, or situation.
   Example: A case study on a company’s response to a PR crisis.

Question 6

Define Multiculturalism and a hybrid society and their difference

Answer 6

Multiculturalism:
Promoting cultural diversity, each enriching society
Hybrid society:
Society composed of social and cultural influences rather than homogenous society.
Multiculturalism is a concept, hybrid is a description

Question 7

How might social constructs influence the way individuals interact?

Answer 7

Set expectations
What is acceptable and what’s not
Gender roles
Normalising diversity
How society should act to be deemed acceptable and fit in.
For eg: constructs of gender have changed over time from a sex, to an identity.
Adapting to social roles to be successful in society
Intensified by communications technology, potential for instant fame or lasting shame

Question 8

give examples of Social expectations in society today:

Answer 8

Stereotypes, freedom valued, clothing expectation, gender, trends, accepting diversity, going to school, obsession with perfection, right to vote, equality etc

Question 8

Aspects of amish and define ordnungs

Answer 8

Emphasise simplicity, avoid modernism/worldly influences - not align to values
Core values of religion
Ordnung: set of daily rules
Large families: valuing simple, hardworking, traditional life.
Traditional expectations for genders and roles
Main source of power is from church leaders.
Adolescents given ‘right of passage’