The sleeping brain

Question 1

Sleep stages

Answer 1

N1- stage 1
N2- Stage 2
N3- Stage 3
R- REM

Question 2

sleep measurement

Answer 2

• polysomnography

- eyes can tell you what stage of sleep

Question 3

Narcolepsy

Answer 3

• with/without cataplexy
• triggered by autoimmune type process
• primary symptom excessive daytime sleepiness
• caused by loss of hypocretin in hypothalamus
• no progression through sleep stages

Question 4

RBD (REM sleep behaviour disorder)

Answer 4

• occurs around 50years of age
• act out dreams
• injury partners or selves
• often indicates that a neurodegenerative diease will occur in the future
• can be a side effect of medication
• predominatley affects men

Question 5

what happens during RBD

Answer 5

• when REM is switched on inhibitory signals are sent to the skeletal muscle via the brainstem
• in RBD damage along this pathway breaks the chain and the inhibitory signals do not get through
• skeletal muscles stay active

Question 6

other type of sleep disorders

Answer 6

• dyssominas and parasomnias
• insomina
• sleep related breathing disorder
• circardian rythem disorder
• restless leg syndrome
• periodic limb movement disorder

Question 7

Benefits of sleep

Answer 7

• metabolism
• energy function
• brain functions
• autonomous functions

Question 8

Phase delay in sleep for young people

Answer 8

• in adolescence
• delayed release of melatonin later sleep onset and wake than childhood
• sleep need stabalises in adulthood and doesnt change musch from then

Question 9

Older people sleep changes

Answer 9

• 60 plus noticeable differences in sleep
• less time in SWS and REM more time in N1 & N2
• older adults will go to bed earlier and wake up much earlier than what they did when they were younger
• melatonin released earlier
• Microarchitecture changes

Question 10

two types of circadian clocks

Answer 10

• central clock
• peripheral clock
  affects:
• light, food, tempreture and activity

Question 11

what happens when you dont sleep

Answer 11

• weight gain
• immune dysfunction
• heart diease
• mood dysregulation
• poor attention
• poor ST recall
• slow response and processing speed

Question 12

how does sleep impact learning and memory

Answer 12

• sleep is needed for memory consolidation
• REM important for implicit/procedural memory
• SWS for explicit and declartive memory

Question 13

what happens to brain health when you dont sleep

Answer 13

• excess synapses removed during SWS
• metabolic waste removed during sleep
• aggregated misfolded proteins