The Skull Flashcards
The skull is composed of several separate bones united at immobile joints called __________.
Sutures
The connective tissue between the bones is called the __________.
The mandible is the exception to the rule: it is attached to the skull via the mobile _________.
Sutural Ligament
Temporomandibular Joint
The bones of the skull are made up of external and internal tables of compact bone separated by a layer of spongy bone called __________.
The _______ table is thinner and more brittle than the ______ table.
Diploe
Internal
External
The bones of the skull are covered on the outer and inner surfaces by ______.
Periosteum
Coronal Section of Upper Part of the Head:
S- C- A- L- P-
Skin Connective Tissue Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Pericranium (Periosteum)
__________ means star shaped.
Asterion
Table 7.1 - Craniometric Points of Cranium
Shape and Location:
Junction of greater wing of sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal and parietal bones; overlies course of anterior division of middle meningeal artery.
Landmark:
Pterion (G.wing)
Table 7.1 - Craniometric Points of Cranium
Shape and Location:
Point on calvaria at junction of lamboid and sagittal sutures.
Landmark:
Lambda (G. The letter L)
Table 7.1 - Craniometric Points of Cranium
Shape and Location:
Point on calvaria at junction of coronal and sagittal sutures.
Landmark:
Bregma (G. Forepart of Head)
Table 7.1 - Craniometric Points of Cranium
Shape and Location:
Superior point of neurocranium, in middle with cranium oriented in anatomical plane.
Landmark:
Vertex (L. Whirl, whorl)
Table 7.1 - Craniometric Points of Cranium
Shape and Location:
Star Shaped; located at junction of three sutures: parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, lambdoid.
Landmark:
Asterion (G. Asterios, starry)
Table 7.1 - Craniometric Points of Cranium
Shape and Location:
Smooth prominence; most marked in males; on frontal bones superior to root of nose; most anterior projecting part of forehead.
Landmark:
Glabella (L. Smooth, hairless)
Table 7.1 - Craniometric Points of Cranium
Shape and Location:
Most prominent point of external occipital protuberance
Landmark:
Inion (G. Back of head)
Table 7.1 - Craniometric Points of Cranium
Shape and Location:
Point on cranium where frontonasal and internasal sutures meet.
Landmark:
Nasion (L.nose)
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Nasal emissary vein (1% of population)
Foramina/Apertures:
Foramen cecum
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves
Foramina/Apertures:
Cribiform foramina in cribiform plate
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Vessels and nerves with same names
Foramina/Apertures:
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Optic Nerves (CN II) and ophthalmic arteries
Foramina/Apertures:
Optic canals
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Ophthalmic veins; ophthalmic nerve (CN V1); CN III,IV,and V; and sympathetic fibers
Foramina/Apertures:
Superior Orbital Fissure
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents:
Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
Foramina/Apertures
Foramen rotundum
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Maxillary nerve (CN V3) and accessory meningeal artery
Foramina/Apertures:
Foramen ovale
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CN V3
Foramina/Apertures
Foramen spinosum
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Deep petrosal nerve and some meningeal arterial branches and small veins
Foramina/Apertures
Foramen lacerum
*The internal carotid artery and its accompanying sympathetic and venous plexuses actually pass horizontally across (rather than vertically through) the area of the foramen lacerum, an artifact of dry crania, which is closed by cartilage in life.
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Greater petrosal nerve and petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery
Foramina/Aperture
Groove or hiatus of greater petrosal nerve
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI, Dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Foramina/Apertures
Foramen magnum
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
CN IX, X, and XI, superior bulb of internal jugular vein; inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses; and meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries
Foramina/Apertures
Jugular foramen
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)
Foramina/Apertures
Hypoglossal canal
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck
Foramina/Apertures
Condylar canal
Table 7.2
Foramina and other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents
Mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery
Foramina/Apertures
Mastoid foramen
Clinical Correlate: Fractures of the Skull
The type of fracture that occurs in the skull depends heavily on the ______ of the patient, the ______ of the blow, and the _______of the skull.
Age, severity, area
Fractures of the skull:
A severe, localized blow produces a ________, often accompanied by ________ of the bone.
Local indentation
Splintering
Fractures of the skull:
Blows to the vault (top of head) often result in a series of _______ fractures, which ___________ through the thin areas of bone.
Linear
Radiate out
Fractures of the skull:
The petrous (thick) parts of the temporal bones and occipital crests strongly reinforce the base of the skull and tend to _________________.
Deflect linear fractures
The adult skull can be compared to an ______ whereas in the young child, the skull and be likened to a ___________, in that a localized blow produces a depression without splintering. This common type of fracture is called a _______ fracture.
Egg
Ping-Pong Ball
Pond
Fractures of the Anterior Cranial Fossa:
In fractures of the anterior cranial fossa, the cribiform plate of the _______ bone may be damaged.
The patient will have bleeding from the nose (____) and leakage of cerebrospinal fluid into the nose (____).
Ethmoid
Epistaxis
Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea
Fractures of the Anterior Cranial Fossa:
Fractures involving the orbital plate of the frontal bone result in hemorrhage beneath the conjunctiva and into the orbital cavity, causing __________.
Exophtalmos
Fractures of the _____ _____ _____ are common because this is the weakest part of the base of the skull.
Middle cranial fossa
Weakness of the middle cranial fossa is caused by the presence of _______.
Numerous foramina and canals in this region.
In fractures of the ________ ________ __________, blood may escape into the nape of the neck deep into the postvertebral muscles.
Days later, it can track between muscles and appear in the ______________ ______, close to the mastoid process.
Posterior cranial fossa
Posterior triangle
__________: noise or crunching sound
Crepitation
_________: misaligned teeth
Malocclusion
The muscles of the face are thin and weak and therefore cause little displacement of the bone fragments. The exception is a fractured _________.
Mandible
Le Fort Classification of Maxillofacial Fractures:
Le Fort I fractures look like:
A mustache across upper lip…
Le Fort Classification of Maxillofacial Fractures:
Le Fort II fractures look like…
A ^ (upside down V) over top your nose
Le Fort Classification of Maxillofacial Fractures:
Le Fort III fractures look like….
A ‘W’ overtop of your eyes….
