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biosciences > the skin and temperature > Flashcards

the skin and temperature Flashcards

1
Q

what is the integumentary system

A

skin/nails/hair

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2
Q

what is the biggest organ in the body

A

the skin

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3
Q

what is the technical name for the skin

A

the cutaneous membrane

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4
Q

what are the accessory structure to the cutaneous membrane

A

hair
nails
sweat and oil glands

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5
Q

what are the 2 main layers of the skin

A

epidermis

dermis

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6
Q

what is below the dermis called?
what kind of cells are they?
what is the layer called?

A
  1. hypodermis
  2. adipocyte cells
  3. subcutaneous layer
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7
Q

epidermis;

- what is its structure

A

thinnest layer of skin
outer layer of skin
non-vascularised (no capillaries)

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8
Q

dermis;

- what is its structure

A

tough, strong and fibrous connective tissue to help maintain structure
it is also vascularised - a good blood supply lots of veins/arteries/capillaries

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9
Q

what structures does the dermis contain

A
  • blood supply (veins & arteries)
  • nerves
  • hair follicles
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous gland
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10
Q

differences between the epidermis and dermis

A

epidermis is non-vascularised but the dermis is vascularised

epidermis is thin but the dermis is tough, fibrous and strong

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11
Q

the dermis have nerves within it what does this mean

A

it is where you can feel sensations such as heat/touch/pain/pressure

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12
Q

what does the dermis contain to maintain structure

A

fibrous connective tissue and collagen

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13
Q

what type of tissue is the hypodermis

A

subcutaneous tissue - not technically skin

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14
Q

what is the hypodermis role

A 
protection 
structure 
stores adipose tissue (fat) 
provides insulation
calories reservoir
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15
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis skin tissues

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
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16
Q

explain the stratum basale

A
  • deepest layer next to the dermis
  • mitosis creates new daughter epidermal cells
  • new cells are pushed upwards towards the stratum spinosum
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17
Q

explain the stratum spinosum

A
  • tightly compacted and connected - adjacent to reduce tension
  • cells become flattened as they get pushed upwards - change from their rounded shape
  • cells start to die as they get pushed towards stratum granulosum
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18
Q

explain the stratum granulosum

A
  • contain granules
  • release lipids (fats)
  • make skin waterproof
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19
Q

explain the stratum lucidum

A
  • contain large amounts of keratin (fibrous fibres)

- only pressent in hairless ares ie palm of hand or soles of feet

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20
Q

explain the stratum lucidum

A
  • contain large amounts of keratin (fibrous fibers)

- only present in hairless ares ie palm of hand or soles of feet

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21
Q

what are the functions of the skin

A
  • protection
  • control body temperature
  • metabloic function
  • cutaneous sensation (ie warmth or cold)
  • blood resivour
  • excretion of substances
  • sensations (sensoru neurons)
  • preventative
22
Q

what are the functions of the skin

A
  • protection
  • control body temperature
  • metabolic function
  • cutaneous sensation (ie warmth or cold)
  • blood resivoir
  • excretion of substances
  • sensations (sensory neurons)
  • preventative
23
Q

a baby born after 38weeks -
1. how thick is their dermis
2. when will their sweat glands mature
3.

A
  1. 2-4mm thick

2. after 1 week

24
Q

what is the brown adipose tissue

A

it is a thick later of brown fat used for energy and insulation in newborn babies

  • they use it for extra energy if they have used up their glucose and glycogen stored energy
  • it also insulates the as babies cant shiver so the fat insulates them
25
Q

where is the brown adipose tissue stored

A

Subcutaneous Layer lipid deposits

26
Q

what is the name for the slightly yellow layer ontop of the skin of a newborn baby

A

vernix caseosa

27
Q

what is the name for the slightly yellow layer on top of the skin of a newborn baby

A

vernix caseosa

28
Q

what does the vernix caseosa do

A

protects, moisturizes and facilitates colonisation

29
Q

why shouldn’t you bathe babies immediately after birth

A

because it’ll break the vernix caseosa

30
Q

preterm babies.

  1. what is their dermis like
  2. what is their skin like
  3. how long does it take for their sweat glands to mature
A
  1. very thin
  2. transparent and gelatinous and not as fibrous as the layers of skin arent very well connected so skin looks red
  3. 21-33 days
31
Q

what are the cells that affect skin colour

A
  • melanin (influencing pigmentation in skin)
  • carotene (yellowing of the skin)
  • haemoglobin (levels of haemoglobin and oxygen levels) ie poorly people will become very pale as they are deprived of blood flow as the blood is needed for vital organs
32
Q

what do sebaceous glands do?

A
  • produce oil (sebum)
  • kills bacteria
  • lubricant for skin
  • prevents brittle hair
33
Q

what are the two types of sweat glands

A

eccrine - open vi duct to pore on skin surface

apocrine - ducts empty into hair follicles

34
Q

functions of sweat glands/what do they do?

A

produce sweat

  • excretes waste products from the body
  • is used to cool the body down
  • evaporation occurs when sweat is evaporated from the body
35
Q

how does sweat get an odur

A

the acidic nature of sweat inhibits bacteria growth - odour is associated with the present and growing bacteria

36
Q

what does sweat contain

A

mostly water
salts and vit c
metabolic waste
fatty acids and proteins (apocrine sweat glands only)

37
Q

nails - what are they made of

A

heavily keratinized (tough fibrous protein produced by keratinocytes)

38
Q

where do nails grow from

A

stratum basal extends beneath the nail bed

39
Q

what are some homeostatic imbalances

A
  • extreme stretching
  • blistering
  • age
  • oxygenation
  • sebaceous blockages
40
Q

explain the stages of wound healing

A 
1. bleeding 
(creating a blood clot)
2. inflammatory
(fibroblast macrophage scab)
3. proliferative 
(fibroblast proliferating / subcutaneous fat)
4. remodeling
(freshly healed epidermis / healed dermis)
41
Q

stages of pressure sores

A
  1. firstly, pressure sores affect the upper epidermis
  2. then moved through the epidermis layers breaking into the dermis
  3. going deeper into the dermis breaking intothe subcutaneous fat
  4. breaking through the soft tissue near the bone
42
Q

how many grades of pressure sores are there

A

4

43
Q

explain a grade 1 pressure sore

A
  • non-blanchable erythema (redness) of intact skin
  • discoloration of the skin
  • hardness or oedema of the skin
    only affecting the top layer of epidermis
44
Q

explain grade 2 pressure sores

A
  • partial thickness of epidermis and dermis is lost

- ulcer is clinically seen as a abrasion or blister

45
Q

explain grade 3 pressure sores

A
  • full thickness skin loss
  • damage to subcutaneous tissue/hypodermis
  • extend to fascia but not through
46
Q

explain grade 4 pressure sores

A
  • damage to tissue, muscle and bine

- full thickness skin loss

47
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of heat loss in humans

A
  • radiation (when head radiates off you)
  • convection (when something blows past you taking heat with it ie; air conditioning)
  • conduction ( when you are pressed against a cold surface - heat is taken from you to the cold surface)
  • evaporation (when you get wet and the water evaporates away from you)
48
Q

what is the blood clotting process

A
  • damaged blood vessels trigger the release of a chemical vasospasm
  • forming a platelet plug
  • prothrombin is turned into thrombin
  • activating solutable fibrinogen to turn into insoluable fibrin
49
Q

what is platelet plug

A

where vasoconstriction limits blood flow where platelets form a sticky plug

50
Q

how does thermoregulation increase body temperature

A
  • vasoconstriction with the blood vessels (to decrease extra heat loss)
  • shiver the body’s skeletal muscles contracts rapidly - this generates heat
  • arrector pili muscles makes the hair on your skin stand up which will trap air next to the skin insulting the body reducing heat loss
51
Q

how does thermoregulation decrease the body’s temperature

A
  • vasodilation with the blood vessels (to increase blood flow and increase heat loss)
  • sweat (the sweat glands will increase sweating to increase evaporation
    other ways the body looses heat is: radiation and convection

biosciences (5 decks)

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