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biosciences > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main functions of blood

A

transportation
protection
regulation

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2
Q

explain how transportation is a function of blood

A

transports oxygen to the body and co2 out of body
transports nutrients
any hormones from the endocrine system

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3
Q

explain how the blood protects

A

it has a blood clotting response to prevent blood loss

contains proteins to protect against disease

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4
Q

explain how the blood regulates

A

it regulates PH in body fluids
involved in regulating temperature
osmotic pressure

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5
Q

what is blood made up of

A 
55% blood plasma
45% formed elements 
- platelets
- white blood cells
- red blood cells
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6
Q

what is plasmas role

A

albumins maintains osmotic pressure
globulins include antibodies
fibrinogen form blood clots

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7
Q

what is the formation of blood cells known as

A

haematopoiesis

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8
Q

where does haematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) occur

A

occurs in red bone marrow

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9
Q

are stem cells undifferentiated or differentiated

A

undifferentiated

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10
Q

what does undifferentiated mean

A

they don’t have a specific job or function and can become any cell in your body

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11
Q

what are stem cells used for

A
  • replace worn out or dead cells
  • can be used in medication
  • regenerative medicine
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12
Q

what are the different stem cells

A
  • adult (tissue specific)
  • embryonic pluripotent
  • induced pluripotent
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13
Q

what is an adult tissue specific stem cell

A
  • it can only be used on certain specific tissues ie; muscle, nerve, liver, heart - more differentiated
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14
Q

what is an embryonic pluripotent stem cell

A
  • it is undifferentiated so it can be grown into any tissue in the body doesn’t have a specific function
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15
Q

what is an induced pluripotent stem cell

A
  • a regular adult stem cell which scientists have changed to behave like an embryonic stem cell - can grow into any cell
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16
Q

what is another name for a red blood cell

A

erythrocytes

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17
Q

where are red blood cells formed

A

formed by erythron in red bone marrow in the bones

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18
Q

where are red blood cells destroyed

A

in the spleen, liver and red bone marrow phagocytised by macrophages

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19
Q

what is a red blood cells function

A
  • contains and transports oxygen carrying proteins called haemoglobin
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20
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

a protein which transports oxygen within the red blood cell and carries some carbon dioxide

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21
Q

what is another name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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22
Q

what are white blood cells function

A
  • to combat and kill foreign substances and pathogens that enter the body
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23
Q

what are memory T & B lymphocytes

A

leukocytes that give us immunity to certain pathogens for years

24
Q

what are the 2 groups white blood cells are classified into

A
  • granulocytes

- nongranulocytes (agranulocytes)

25
Q

what is another name for platelets

A

thrombocytes

26
Q

what is the role of a platelet

A

-creates platelet plug and promotes clotting when a blood vessel is damaged

27
Q

what is a platelets structure

A
  • disc shaped with no nucleus
28
Q

what is another word to prevent blood loss

A

haemostasis

29
Q

what are the 3 stages of haemostasis

A
  • vasospasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • blood clotting
30
Q

explain the process of vasospasm

A
  • smooth muscle in walls of daaged blood vessels contract
  • platlets are released enhancing vasospasm
  • to reduce blood loss from the vessel
31
Q

explain the process of platelet plug formation

A
  • platelets come in contact and sick to damaged vessels
  • releasing chemicals to increase vasospasm
  • platelets are made sticky and form a platelet plug
32
Q

explain the blood clotting process

A
  • various chemicals are released and activate changes in elements
  • prothrombinase changes prothrombin into thrombin
  • which triggers and converts the soluble fibrinogen into the insoluble fibrin
33
Q

an antigen can be glyco….

A

glycoprotein or glycolipid

34
Q

what is an antigen

A
  • a foreign pathogen or toxin that enters your body from the environment triggering an antibody immune system response
35
Q

what is your blood group determined by

A

based on presence or absence of various antigens

36
Q

what is an antibody

A

is the protein produced by the immune system as a response to the presence of a antigen entering the body

37
Q

What are the different blood groups

A

a, b , ab, o

38
Q

what are the antibodies present in these blood groups

  • blood group A
  • blood group B
  • blood group AB
  • blood group O
A

blood group A = anti-B antibody present in plasma

blood group B = anti-A antibody present in plasma

blood group AB= no antibody present in plasma

blood group O= anti-A and anti-B antibody present in plasma

39
Q

explain why someone who is blood group A have the antibody anti-B but an antigen of A-antigen

A

………………………

40
Q

explain how antibodies and antigens in red blood cells work

A

antibodies do not react with antigens which are the same as their own red blood cell type

41
Q

where are antibodies contained

A

in the plasma

42
Q

what is RH in blood groups

A

it is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells - if you have this RH protein you are RH positive (Rh+) if you don’t you are RH negative (Rh-)

43
Q

how can RH affect blood transfusions

A 
RH positive (Rh+) can receive a blood transfusion from someone with or without RH (Rh+/Rh-) 
but
RH negative (Rh-) cant received blood transfusion from someone who is (Rh+) because it will cause them to make antibodies against Rh+ which can haemolyse (rupture) red blood cells it can also be very dangerous for babies who are Rh+ inside pregnant women who is Rh- with antibodies against Rh+
44
Q

what are the simple roles of these vessels

  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
A 
arteries = carry oxygenated blood away from heart to the body
veins = carry deoxygenated blood from the body towards the hear
capillaries = enable diffusion of gasses and solutes
45
Q

what are the 3 layers f arteries

A
  • outer layer = tunica adventitia
  • middle layer = tunica
    media
  • inner layer = tunica intima
46
Q

explain the structures of the layers of the artieties

  1. tunica adventitia (outer layer)
  2. tunica media (middle layer)
  3. tunica intima (outer layer)
A
  1. made of elastic fibers and collagen
  2. thickest layer - smooth muscle with elastic fibers
  3. endothelium lining forms a smooth lining
47
Q

explain the structure of arteries

A

…… look at poster

48
Q

what is the function of arterioles

A

they deliver blood to capillary beds

49
Q

what is the structure of arterioles

A
  • 3 layered same as arteries
    tunica adventitia
    tunica media
    tunica intima
50
Q

why are arterioles a key role in regulating blood flow to different organs

A
  • during an emergency ie blood loss arterioles constrict (vasoconstriction) to reduce blood flow to certain area ie less essential areas such as the skin causing a response ie skin becomes pale so that blood is diverted to more essential organs such as the heart and lungs
51
Q
  1. where can the pulse be found?

2. such as:

A
  1. wherever the arteries flow

2. carotid / radial / branchial / femoral / popliteal / posterior

52
Q

what are the layers of veins and venules

A

same as arteries

  • tunica externa (thicker than artieries)
  • tunica media (thinner than arteries)
  • tunica intima (thinner than arteries)
53
Q

what is the structure or veins and venules

A

…… look at poster

54
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system

A

system of vessels that carry fluid from the tissues - cleans it and returns it to the blood stream

55
Q

where does the fluid flow through within the lymphatic system

A

lymph nodes

56
Q

what does the lymph node do?

A

filter fluid - filters microbes out

biosciences (5 decks)

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