BLOOD Flashcards
what are the 3 main functions of blood
transportation
protection
regulation
explain how transportation is a function of blood
transports oxygen to the body and co2 out of body
transports nutrients
any hormones from the endocrine system
explain how the blood protects
it has a blood clotting response to prevent blood loss
contains proteins to protect against disease
explain how the blood regulates
it regulates PH in body fluids
involved in regulating temperature
osmotic pressure
what is blood made up of
55% blood plasma 45% formed elements - platelets - white blood cells - red blood cells
what is plasmas role
albumins maintains osmotic pressure
globulins include antibodies
fibrinogen form blood clots
what is the formation of blood cells known as
haematopoiesis
where does haematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) occur
occurs in red bone marrow
are stem cells undifferentiated or differentiated
undifferentiated
what does undifferentiated mean
they don’t have a specific job or function and can become any cell in your body
what are stem cells used for
- replace worn out or dead cells
- can be used in medication
- regenerative medicine
what are the different stem cells
- adult (tissue specific)
- embryonic pluripotent
- induced pluripotent
what is an adult tissue specific stem cell
- it can only be used on certain specific tissues ie; muscle, nerve, liver, heart - more differentiated
what is an embryonic pluripotent stem cell
- it is undifferentiated so it can be grown into any tissue in the body doesn’t have a specific function
what is an induced pluripotent stem cell
- a regular adult stem cell which scientists have changed to behave like an embryonic stem cell - can grow into any cell
what is another name for a red blood cell
erythrocytes
where are red blood cells formed
formed by erythron in red bone marrow in the bones
where are red blood cells destroyed
in the spleen, liver and red bone marrow phagocytised by macrophages
what is a red blood cells function
- contains and transports oxygen carrying proteins called haemoglobin
what is haemoglobin
a protein which transports oxygen within the red blood cell and carries some carbon dioxide
what is another name for white blood cells
leukocytes
what are white blood cells function
- to combat and kill foreign substances and pathogens that enter the body
what are memory T & B lymphocytes
leukocytes that give us immunity to certain pathogens for years
what are the 2 groups white blood cells are classified into
- granulocytes
- nongranulocytes (agranulocytes)
what is another name for platelets
thrombocytes
what is the role of a platelet
-creates platelet plug and promotes clotting when a blood vessel is damaged
what is a platelets structure
- disc shaped with no nucleus
what is another word to prevent blood loss
haemostasis
what are the 3 stages of haemostasis
- vasospasm
- platelet plug formation
- blood clotting
explain the process of vasospasm
- smooth muscle in walls of daaged blood vessels contract
- platlets are released enhancing vasospasm
- to reduce blood loss from the vessel
explain the process of platelet plug formation
- platelets come in contact and sick to damaged vessels
- releasing chemicals to increase vasospasm
- platelets are made sticky and form a platelet plug
explain the blood clotting process
- various chemicals are released and activate changes in elements
- prothrombinase changes prothrombin into thrombin
- which triggers and converts the soluble fibrinogen into the insoluble fibrin
an antigen can be glyco….
glycoprotein or glycolipid
what is an antigen
- a foreign pathogen or toxin that enters your body from the environment triggering an antibody immune system response
what is your blood group determined by
based on presence or absence of various antigens
what is an antibody
is the protein produced by the immune system as a response to the presence of a antigen entering the body
What are the different blood groups
a, b , ab, o
what are the antibodies present in these blood groups
- blood group A
- blood group B
- blood group AB
- blood group O
blood group A = anti-B antibody present in plasma
blood group B = anti-A antibody present in plasma
blood group AB= no antibody present in plasma
blood group O= anti-A and anti-B antibody present in plasma
explain why someone who is blood group A have the antibody anti-B but an antigen of A-antigen
………………………
explain how antibodies and antigens in red blood cells work
antibodies do not react with antigens which are the same as their own red blood cell type
where are antibodies contained
in the plasma
what is RH in blood groups
it is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells - if you have this RH protein you are RH positive (Rh+) if you don’t you are RH negative (Rh-)
how can RH affect blood transfusions
RH positive (Rh+) can receive a blood transfusion from someone with or without RH (Rh+/Rh-) but RH negative (Rh-) cant received blood transfusion from someone who is (Rh+) because it will cause them to make antibodies against Rh+ which can haemolyse (rupture) red blood cells it can also be very dangerous for babies who are Rh+ inside pregnant women who is Rh- with antibodies against Rh+
what are the simple roles of these vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
arteries = carry oxygenated blood away from heart to the body veins = carry deoxygenated blood from the body towards the hear capillaries = enable diffusion of gasses and solutes
what are the 3 layers f arteries
- outer layer = tunica adventitia
- middle layer = tunica
media - inner layer = tunica intima
explain the structures of the layers of the artieties
- tunica adventitia (outer layer)
- tunica media (middle layer)
- tunica intima (outer layer)
- made of elastic fibers and collagen
- thickest layer - smooth muscle with elastic fibers
- endothelium lining forms a smooth lining
explain the structure of arteries
…… look at poster
what is the function of arterioles
they deliver blood to capillary beds
what is the structure of arterioles
- 3 layered same as arteries
tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima
why are arterioles a key role in regulating blood flow to different organs
- during an emergency ie blood loss arterioles constrict (vasoconstriction) to reduce blood flow to certain area ie less essential areas such as the skin causing a response ie skin becomes pale so that blood is diverted to more essential organs such as the heart and lungs
- where can the pulse be found?
2. such as:
- wherever the arteries flow
2. carotid / radial / branchial / femoral / popliteal / posterior
what are the layers of veins and venules
same as arteries
- tunica externa (thicker than artieries)
- tunica media (thinner than arteries)
- tunica intima (thinner than arteries)
what is the structure or veins and venules
…… look at poster
what is the function of the lymphatic system
system of vessels that carry fluid from the tissues - cleans it and returns it to the blood stream
where does the fluid flow through within the lymphatic system
lymph nodes
what does the lymph node do?
filter fluid - filters microbes out
