respiratory system

Question 1

what is the metabolism

Answer 1

the process of carbon dioxide being removed from the body

Question 2

1. what detects changes in carbon dioxide levels

2. what does it do to neutralize it a

Answer 2

1) the medulla oblongata chemoreceptors

2) adjusts rate and depth of breathing

Question 3

what is the aerobic equation

Answer 3

food + oxygen = energy (atp) + co2 + water + hear

Question 4

explain the positioning of each lung

Answer 4

either side of the mediastinum (mid thoracic cavity)

Question 5

what is a strutural difference between the right and left lung

Answer 5

right lung = 3 lobes

left lung = 2 lobes

Question 6

what are the lobes called in the left and right lung

Answer 6

left= superior/middle and inferior
right= superior and inferior

Question 7

explain the basic structure of the lung

Answer 7

cone shaped
apex
base
medial surface

Question 8

positioning and structure of the apex in the lungs

Answer 8

• rises to the root of neck
• close to first rib
• close to blood vessels

Question 9

positioning and structure of the base in the lungs

Answer 9

• concave and semi-lunar

- lies on the upper thoracic surface of the diaphragm

Question 10

positioning and structure of the costal surface

Answer 10

• broad outer surface

- directly against the cavity cartilages/ribs and intercostal muscles

Question 11

positioning of the medial surface

Answer 11

• face each other directly across the mediastinum

Question 12

what is the mediastinum

Answer 12

area in between the two lungs - mid-line of the thoracic cavity,

Question 13

what does the mediastinum (mid thoracic cavity) contain

Answer 13

heart / lungs / trachea / lymph vessels & nerves / bronchi
rib cage / intercostal muscles / lymph nodes /thorax / esophagus

Question 14

what is the pleura / pleural membrane

Answer 14

surrounds each lung and lines the thoracic cavity

Question 15

what are the different membranes of the pleura

Answer 15

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

Question 16

what do the two pleural membranes do

Answer 16

two pleural membrane glide over each other

Question 17

1) which membrane of the pleura is the outer and inner layer

Answer 17

parietal pleura = outer layer

visceral pleura = inner layer

Question 18

1) what is the function of the pleura?

2) how is this achieved

Answer 18

1) to allow optimal expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing as its adhered to the chest wall
2) the pleura fluid in between the two pleural membranes act as lubricant to allow the parietal and visceral pleura to glide over each other without any friction

Question 19

what does the pleural fluid do

Answer 19

reduces friction so membranes can freely slide over each other

Question 20

where is the parietal pleura located

Answer 20

• inside the chest wall

- upper surface of the diaphragm

Question 21

what is the structure that forms the parietal and visceral pleura

Answer 21

The pleura is a membrane which fold back onto itself to form a two-layered membranous structure (parietal and visceral)
the pleural is not attached to the other structures in the mediastinum

Question 22

what is the pleural cavity

Answer 22

contains the pleural fluid

Question 23

what is the main muscle in inspiration

Answer 23

the diaphragm

Question 24

what happens during inspiration

Answer 24

the diaphragm contracts downwards increasing the volume - meaning the intercostal muscles which are situated between the ribs can contract swinging the ribs outwards and upwards to increase the size in the thoracic cavity expanding the lungs to pull oxygen down into the lungs

Question 25

what is the technical step by step process of inspiration

Answer 25

1- simultaneous contractions between external intercostal muscles and diaphragm expand the thorax 2- parietal pleura sticks to the diaphragm and inside of the ribcage is pulled upwards and outwards 3- this therefore pulls the visceral pleura outwards as they see adhered together via the pleura fluid in the cavity 4- due to the strong tension between the visceral pleura and lungs the lung is therefore pulled outwards with the ribs and downwards with the diaphragm 5- the lung expands and the air in the airways are drawn into the lungs to equalise the atmospheric and alveolar air pressure 6- this is an active process as it needs energy for muscle contraction

Question 26

when are accessory muscles needed in inspiration

Answer 26

if greater inspiration occurs | when you cant consciously breathe your accessory muscles kick in using energy

Question 27

what is a side effect of your accessory muscles being used

Answer 27

your body compensates therefore physical actions are shown as the body is using extra energy to breathe

Question 28

in children what are the body's response when accessory muscles are used

Answer 28

- head bobbing - nasal flaring - trachea tug - shoulder shrugging - intercostal recession - abdominal breathing

Question 29

is inspiration passive or active

Answer 29

active

Question 30

is expiration passive or active | 2) why?

Answer 30

passive | elastic recoil of the lungs

Question 31

explain the process of expiration -

Answer 31

intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax resulting in the ribcage to move inwards elastic recoil of the lungs occur 3) pressure inside the lungs rise as volume in thoracic cavity decrease pushing air out of the respiratory tract 4) at the end of expiration there is still a bit of air left in the lungs ti prevent the collapse of the lungs by the pleura

Question 32

what is internal respiration

Answer 32

gaseous exchange between blood and tissue cells - oxygen moves into cells - carbon dioxide moves out of cells

Question 33

what is external respiration

Answer 33

how gasses move between the atmosphere and the body - oxygen moves from atmosphere to blood stream - carbon dioxide moves from blood into the atmosphere

Question 34

what is gaseous exchange

Answer 34

transfer of gasses

Question 35

what are the abnormal breathing sounds in children

Answer 35

- snoring - gurgling - stridor - grunting - gasping - wheeze

Question 36

what are the structures of the respiratory tract involved in respiration

Answer 36

- nose - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - pleural membrane - muscles of repsiration