The Skeletal System: The Framework Flashcards
1
Q
The bones are the primary components of the ?
A
The skeletal system
2
Q
Although bones are composed of non-living minerals such as calcium and phosphorus they are also _____?
A
Very much alive, constantly building and repairing themselves
3
Q
The word ‘skeleton’ comes from the Greek meaning ?
A
“Dried up body”
4
Q
Bones are classified according to their ?
A
Shape
5
Q
These type of bones are wide and can be found in the arms and legs called?
A
Long bones
6
Q
These types of bones are fairly equal in width and length and are found mostly in the ?
A
Wrists and ankles
7
Q
These type of bones are thinner and can be either flat or curved called?
A
Flat bones
8
Q
These type of bone can be plate-like in nature and would include the skulls, ribs, and sternum (breast bone) called?
A
Flat bones
9
Q
These type of bone are like parts of a jigsaw puzzle, odd in shape, and include the hip bone and vertebrae called?
A
Irregular bones
10
Q
A tough and fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the bone is called?
A
Periosteum
11
Q
Contains blood vessels which transport blood and nutrients to nurture bone cells?
A
The periosteum
12
Q
_____ contains lymph vessels and nerves ?
A
Periosteum
13
Q
Acts as an anchor point for ligaments and tendons
A
The periosteum
14
Q
The expanded end of the long bone is ?
A
Epiphysis
15
Q
The region running between the two epiphyses is the ?
A
Diaphyses
16
Q
The diaphyses is ?
A
Hollow
17
Q
The hollow area of the diaphysis is called?
A
Medullary cavity
18
Q
The medullary cavity acts as a ?
A
Storage are for the yellow marrow
19
Q
Has a high fat content and can convert to red marrow, which makes red blood cells, in an emergency
A
Yellow marrow
20
Q
Bone can be composed of two types of tissues?
A
Compact and spongy
21
Q
A dense, hard tissue normally found in the shafts of long bones and the outer layer of other bones is called?
A
Compact bone
22
Q
The tightly-packed material that composes this type of bone tissue makes for a dense and strong structure ?
A
Compact bone
23
Q
The material forms microscopic, cylindrical-shaped unit called?
A
Osteons or Haversian system
24
Q
Each of these units has a mature bone cells called ?
A
Osteocytes
25
Forming concentric circles around a central (Haversian) canal, containing ?
Blood vessels
26
The area around the osteocyte is filled with ?
Protein fibers, calcium, and other minerals
27
The osteons run parallel to each other with perforating canals (blood vessel passages) literally connecting with them to ?
Ensure sufficient oxygen and nutrient for the bone cells
28
Spongy, or cancellous, bone is arranged in bone and plates called?
Trabeculae
29
There are irregular holes between the trabeculae making the bone?
Lighter in weight and providing space for red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells
30
The holes give the bone a ?
Spongy appearance
31
Bone is not perfectly smooth, there a variety of?
Projections, bumps, and depressions
32
Projections act as points of attachments for?
Muscles, ligaments, or tendons
33
Grooves and depressions act as ?
Pathways for nerves and blood vessels
34
Projecting structure and depressions can work together as joining or articulation points to form?
Joints such as the ball and socket joint in your hip
35
Ossification is the term used to describe the ?
Formation of bone in the body
36
Bones grow longitudinally in order to develop
Height
37
Bones grow horizontally (wider and thicker) so they can ?
More efficiently support our body weight
38
What types of cells are involved in formation and growth
Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
39
Non-specialized stem cells found in the periosteum, endosperm, and central canal of compact bones called?
Osteoprogenitor cells
40
Osteoblasts are the cells that?
Actually build bones
41
Osteoblasts arise from the non-specialized Osteoprogenitor cells and are the cells that?
Secrete the matrix of calcium with other minerals that give bone its typical characteristics
42
Osteocytes are considered ?
Mature bone cells and started as osteoblasts
43
Osteoblasts surround themselves with?
Matrix to then become the mature osteocytes
44
The job of this cell is to tear down bone material and help move calcium and phosphate into the blood ?
Osteoclasts
45
If you aren’t getting enough calcium or phosphate into your body by the diet a hormone called?
Calcitriol is released, which stimulates the osteoclasts.
46
Bone development begins when?
You are an embryo
47
How are the bones of the skull develop by intramembranous ossification?
-Occurs when bone develops between two sheets composed of fibrous connective tissue
-cells from connective tissue turn into osteoblasts and form a matrix while other osteoblasts create compact bone over the surface of underlying spongy bone
-once the matrix surrounds the osteoblasts they become osteocytes
48
The majority of bones form through ?
Endochondral ossification
49
After you are born the ?
Epiphysis on your long bones continue to grow
50
A thin band of cartilage forms an epiphyseal plate (growth plate) between the?
Primary and secondary ossification centers. This is where new bones can be made
51
This plate exists as one as bones need to lengthen. Controlled by hormones, the plate will eventually ossify and stop the growth process.
Epiphyseal plate
52
When a bone is fractured, it must be repaired. Bone repair is accomplished by ?
The same process as bone growth, endochondral ossification
53
Bone tissue is very good at repairing itself, but for a bone fracture to heal, the?
Ends of broken bone must be touching. If they are not then a medial procedure called reduction must be performed.
54
What are the stages of bone repair ?
Stage1. Hematoma (clot) formation and inflammation
Stage 2. Is a soft (fibrocartilage) callus formation. Cartilage fills in the space between the bones.
Stage 3. Is a hard (bony) callus formation. Bone replaces the cartilage by endochondral ossification.
Stage 4. The bone is remodeled by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts until the fracture is nearly undetectable
55
Cartilage is a special form of ?
Dense connective tissue that can withstand a fair amount of flexing, tension, and pressure.
56
The flexible parts of your nose and ears are?.
Cartilage
57
Cartilage also makes a flexible connection between?
Bones, as between the ribs and sternum, allowing chest flexion during deep breathing.
58
Cartilage acts as a ?
Cushion between bones
59
Articular cartilage is located on the ends of bones and acts as a?
Shock absorber, preventing the ends from grinding together when you move
60
A small sac called bursa_____?
Secretes a lubricant called synovial fluid.
61
Joints can still wear out and become inflamed despite all this protection, resulting in?
Arthritis or osteoarthritis
62
What are the two main sections of the skeletal?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
63
Bones of the bony thorax, spinal column, hyoid bone, bones of the middle ear, and skull are part of the ?
Axial skeleton; they protect the body organs and total 80 bones
64
Bones of your arms, legs, hips, and shoulders are part of ?
The appendicular skeleton; they total 126 bones
65
Half of the bones in your body are found in?
The hands and feet
66
What is the function of the human skull?
It protects and houses the brain and has openings needed for our sensory organs such as the eyes, nose, and ears
67
The skull also forms the mouth which is a common?
Passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems
68
The bones of the chest form a thoracic cage that provides__?
Support and protection for the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels
69
The thoracic cage is flexible due to cartilaginous connections that?
Allow for movement during breathing
70
The maubrium is the superior portion, and the ____?
Body is the largest, central portion
71
The xiphoid process is the ___?
Final and inferior portion
72
The rib pairs 1-7 are called?
True ribs
73
Rib pairs 8-10 are called ?
False ribs
74
Rib pairs 11 and 12 are__?
Floating ribs because it has no anterior attachment
75
The spinal or vertebral column protects the spinal cord, the superhighway for ____?
Information traveling to and from the central nervous system
76
The individual bones, or vertebrae, are numbered and classified according to___?
The body region in which they are located
77
_____ can be caused by bad posture?
Kyphosis
78
_____ is caused by excessive body weight or can occur with pregnancy ?
Lordosis
79
____ does not have a clear cause, though genetics have been implicated. It most commonly develops during adolescence.
Scoliosis
80
The pelvic girdle is different for women than men. Women have a greater _____?
Pubic angle that facilitates childbirth and a broad griddle to support the weight of the growing fetus.
81
An articulation is when _____?
Two or more bones join together
82
Articulation joints are held together by a special connective tissue called?
Ligaments
83
____ are cord-like structures that attach muscle to bones?
Tendons
84
The ___ in your skull are fibrous joints
Sutures
85
Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. The pubic____ and the joints between your ribs and sternum are cartilaginous joints.
Symphysis
86
_____ joints are joined by a joint cavity lined with a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid ?
Synovial
87
This joint is immobile or slightly movable ?
Fibrous joints
88
Cartilaginous joints are either ____?
Immobile or slightly movable
89
This joint is freely moving ?
Synovial joint
90
Bending a joint in the sagittal plane and decreasing the angle between involved bones is called?
Flexion
91
Straightening a joint in the sagittal plane is called?
Extension
92
Pointing toes down is called?
Planter flexion
93
Standing on your heels so that the toes point up towards the body is called?
Dorsiflexion
94
Moving away from the body’s midline is called?
Abduction
95
Moving toward the midline of the body is called?
Adduction
96
Turning a foot inward toward the other foot is called ?
Inversion
97
Turning a foot outward away from the opposing foot is called?
Eversion
98
Turning a hand palm up is called ?
Supination
99
Turning a hand palm down is called?
Pronation
100
Drawing a part forward is called?
Protraction
101
Drawing backward is called?
Retraction
102
Circular arm movement of a pitcher is called?
Circumduction
103
Spinning on axis is called?
Rotation
104
A spiral fracture is caused ?
A twisting motion to the bone
105
A comminuted fracture occurs when?
The bone fragments or splinters
106
A compound or open fracture occurs when the ?
Bone protrudes through the skin, with the potential of infection from exposure
107
In long bones each bone end is called an?
Epiphysis
108
The shaft is called?
Diaphysis
109
The hollow region within the diaphysis is called?
Medullary cavity that stores yellow marrow
110
Compact bone is a dense, hard tissue that is found in the ?
Shaft of long bones
111
This bone contains irregular holes that make it lighter in weight and provides a space for red bone marrow, which produces blood?
Spongy bone
112
Osteoprogenitor cells are nonspecialized bone cells that can turn into?
Osteoblasts, which are the cells that form bones
113
Osteocytes are considered ?
Matured bone cells that were originally osteoblasts
114
Osteoclasts break down bone material and help?
Move calcium and phosphate into the blood
115
A thin band of cartilage forms an?
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
116
The tough, fibrous connective tissue surrounding bone is?
Periosteum
117
During endochondral ossification the?
Cartilage turns to bone
