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CELL BIO EXAM 2 > The Skeletal System: The Framework > Flashcards

The Skeletal System: The Framework Flashcards

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1
Q

The bones are the primary components of the ?

A

The skeletal system

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2
Q

Although bones are composed of non-living minerals such as calcium and phosphorus they are also _____?

A

Very much alive, constantly building and repairing themselves

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3
Q

The word ‘skeleton’ comes from the Greek meaning ?

A

“Dried up body”

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4
Q

Bones are classified according to their ?

A

Shape

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5
Q

These type of bones are wide and can be found in the arms and legs called?

A

Long bones

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6
Q

These types of bones are fairly equal in width and length and are found mostly in the ?

A

Wrists and ankles

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7
Q

These type of bones are thinner and can be either flat or curved called?

A

Flat bones

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8
Q

These type of bone can be plate-like in nature and would include the skulls, ribs, and sternum (breast bone) called?

A

Flat bones

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9
Q

These type of bone are like parts of a jigsaw puzzle, odd in shape, and include the hip bone and vertebrae called?

A

Irregular bones

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10
Q

A tough and fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the bone is called?

A

Periosteum

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11
Q

Contains blood vessels which transport blood and nutrients to nurture bone cells?

A

The periosteum

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12
Q

_____ contains lymph vessels and nerves ?

A

Periosteum

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13
Q

Acts as an anchor point for ligaments and tendons

A

The periosteum

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14
Q

The expanded end of the long bone is ?

A

Epiphysis

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15
Q

The region running between the two epiphyses is the ?

A

Diaphyses

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16
Q

The diaphyses is ?

A

Hollow

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17
Q

The hollow area of the diaphysis is called?

A

Medullary cavity

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18
Q

The medullary cavity acts as a ?

A

Storage are for the yellow marrow

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19
Q

Has a high fat content and can convert to red marrow, which makes red blood cells, in an emergency

A

Yellow marrow

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20
Q

Bone can be composed of two types of tissues?

A

Compact and spongy

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21
Q

A dense, hard tissue normally found in the shafts of long bones and the outer layer of other bones is called?

A

Compact bone

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22
Q

The tightly-packed material that composes this type of bone tissue makes for a dense and strong structure ?

A

Compact bone

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23
Q

The material forms microscopic, cylindrical-shaped unit called?

A

Osteons or Haversian system

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24
Q

Each of these units has a mature bone cells called ?

A

Osteocytes

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25
Q

Forming concentric circles around a central (Haversian) canal, containing ?

A

Blood vessels

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26
Q

The area around the osteocyte is filled with ?

A

Protein fibers, calcium, and other minerals

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27
Q

The osteons run parallel to each other with perforating canals (blood vessel passages) literally connecting with them to ?

A

Ensure sufficient oxygen and nutrient for the bone cells

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28
Q

Spongy, or cancellous, bone is arranged in bone and plates called?

A

Trabeculae

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29
Q

There are irregular holes between the trabeculae making the bone?

A

Lighter in weight and providing space for red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells

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30
Q

The holes give the bone a ?

A

Spongy appearance

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31
Q

Bone is not perfectly smooth, there a variety of?

A

Projections, bumps, and depressions

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32
Q

Projections act as points of attachments for?

A

Muscles, ligaments, or tendons

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33
Q

Grooves and depressions act as ?

A

Pathways for nerves and blood vessels

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34
Q

Projecting structure and depressions can work together as joining or articulation points to form?

A

Joints such as the ball and socket joint in your hip

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35
Q

Ossification is the term used to describe the ?

A

Formation of bone in the body

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36
Q

Bones grow longitudinally in order to develop

A

Height

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37
Q

Bones grow horizontally (wider and thicker) so they can ?

A

More efficiently support our body weight

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38
Q

What types of cells are involved in formation and growth

A

Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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39
Q

Non-specialized stem cells found in the periosteum, endosperm, and central canal of compact bones called?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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40
Q

Osteoblasts are the cells that?

A

Actually build bones

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41
Q

Osteoblasts arise from the non-specialized Osteoprogenitor cells and are the cells that?

A

Secrete the matrix of calcium with other minerals that give bone its typical characteristics

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42
Q

Osteocytes are considered ?

A

Mature bone cells and started as osteoblasts

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43
Q

Osteoblasts surround themselves with?

A

Matrix to then become the mature osteocytes

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44
Q

The job of this cell is to tear down bone material and help move calcium and phosphate into the blood ?

A

Osteoclasts

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45
Q

If you aren’t getting enough calcium or phosphate into your body by the diet a hormone called?

A

Calcitriol is released, which stimulates the osteoclasts.

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46
Q

Bone development begins when?

A

You are an embryo

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47
Q

How are the bones of the skull develop by intramembranous ossification?

A

-Occurs when bone develops between two sheets composed of fibrous connective tissue
-cells from connective tissue turn into osteoblasts and form a matrix while other osteoblasts create compact bone over the surface of underlying spongy bone
-once the matrix surrounds the osteoblasts they become osteocytes

48
Q

The majority of bones form through ?

A

Endochondral ossification

49
Q

After you are born the ?

A

Epiphysis on your long bones continue to grow

50
Q

A thin band of cartilage forms an epiphyseal plate (growth plate) between the?

A

Primary and secondary ossification centers. This is where new bones can be made

51
Q

This plate exists as one as bones need to lengthen. Controlled by hormones, the plate will eventually ossify and stop the growth process.

A

Epiphyseal plate

52
Q

When a bone is fractured, it must be repaired. Bone repair is accomplished by ?

A

The same process as bone growth, endochondral ossification

53
Q

Bone tissue is very good at repairing itself, but for a bone fracture to heal, the?

A

Ends of broken bone must be touching. If they are not then a medial procedure called reduction must be performed.

54
Q

What are the stages of bone repair ?

A

Stage1. Hematoma (clot) formation and inflammation
Stage 2. Is a soft (fibrocartilage) callus formation. Cartilage fills in the space between the bones.
Stage 3. Is a hard (bony) callus formation. Bone replaces the cartilage by endochondral ossification.
Stage 4. The bone is remodeled by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts until the fracture is nearly undetectable

55
Q

Cartilage is a special form of ?

A

Dense connective tissue that can withstand a fair amount of flexing, tension, and pressure.

56
Q

The flexible parts of your nose and ears are?.

A

Cartilage

57
Q

Cartilage also makes a flexible connection between?

A

Bones, as between the ribs and sternum, allowing chest flexion during deep breathing.

58
Q

Cartilage acts as a ?

A

Cushion between bones

59
Q

Articular cartilage is located on the ends of bones and acts as a?

A

Shock absorber, preventing the ends from grinding together when you move

60
Q

A small sac called bursa_____?

A

Secretes a lubricant called synovial fluid.

61
Q

Joints can still wear out and become inflamed despite all this protection, resulting in?

A

Arthritis or osteoarthritis

62
Q

What are the two main sections of the skeletal?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

63
Q

Bones of the bony thorax, spinal column, hyoid bone, bones of the middle ear, and skull are part of the ?

A

Axial skeleton; they protect the body organs and total 80 bones

64
Q

Bones of your arms, legs, hips, and shoulders are part of ?

A

The appendicular skeleton; they total 126 bones

65
Q

Half of the bones in your body are found in?

A

The hands and feet

66
Q

What is the function of the human skull?

A

It protects and houses the brain and has openings needed for our sensory organs such as the eyes, nose, and ears

67
Q

The skull also forms the mouth which is a common?

A

Passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems

68
Q

The bones of the chest form a thoracic cage that provides__?

A

Support and protection for the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels

69
Q

The thoracic cage is flexible due to cartilaginous connections that?

A

Allow for movement during breathing

70
Q

The maubrium is the superior portion, and the ____?

A

Body is the largest, central portion

71
Q

The xiphoid process is the ___?

A

Final and inferior portion

72
Q

The rib pairs 1-7 are called?

A

True ribs

73
Q

Rib pairs 8-10 are called ?

A

False ribs

74
Q

Rib pairs 11 and 12 are__?

A

Floating ribs because it has no anterior attachment

75
Q

The spinal or vertebral column protects the spinal cord, the superhighway for ____?

A

Information traveling to and from the central nervous system

76
Q

The individual bones, or vertebrae, are numbered and classified according to___?

A

The body region in which they are located

77
Q

_____ can be caused by bad posture?

A

Kyphosis

78
Q

_____ is caused by excessive body weight or can occur with pregnancy ?

A

Lordosis

79
Q

____ does not have a clear cause, though genetics have been implicated. It most commonly develops during adolescence.

A

Scoliosis

80
Q

The pelvic girdle is different for women than men. Women have a greater _____?

A

Pubic angle that facilitates childbirth and a broad griddle to support the weight of the growing fetus.

81
Q

An articulation is when _____?

A

Two or more bones join together

82
Q

Articulation joints are held together by a special connective tissue called?

A

Ligaments

83
Q

____ are cord-like structures that attach muscle to bones?

A

Tendons

84
Q

The ___ in your skull are fibrous joints

A

Sutures

85
Q

Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. The pubic____ and the joints between your ribs and sternum are cartilaginous joints.

A

Symphysis

86
Q

_____ joints are joined by a joint cavity lined with a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid ?

A

Synovial

87
Q

This joint is immobile or slightly movable ?

A

Fibrous joints

88
Q

Cartilaginous joints are either ____?

A

Immobile or slightly movable

89
Q

This joint is freely moving ?

A

Synovial joint

90
Q

Bending a joint in the sagittal plane and decreasing the angle between involved bones is called?

A

Flexion

91
Q

Straightening a joint in the sagittal plane is called?

A

Extension

92
Q

Pointing toes down is called?

A

Planter flexion

93
Q

Standing on your heels so that the toes point up towards the body is called?

A

Dorsiflexion

94
Q

Moving away from the body’s midline is called?

A

Abduction

95
Q

Moving toward the midline of the body is called?

A

Adduction

96
Q

Turning a foot inward toward the other foot is called ?

A

Inversion

97
Q

Turning a foot outward away from the opposing foot is called?

A

Eversion

98
Q

Turning a hand palm up is called ?

A

Supination

99
Q

Turning a hand palm down is called?

A

Pronation

100
Q

Drawing a part forward is called?

A

Protraction

101
Q

Drawing backward is called?

A

Retraction

102
Q

Circular arm movement of a pitcher is called?

A

Circumduction

103
Q

Spinning on axis is called?

A

Rotation

104
Q

A spiral fracture is caused ?

A

A twisting motion to the bone

105
Q

A comminuted fracture occurs when?

A

The bone fragments or splinters

106
Q

A compound or open fracture occurs when the ?

A

Bone protrudes through the skin, with the potential of infection from exposure

107
Q

In long bones each bone end is called an?

A

Epiphysis

108
Q

The shaft is called?

A

Diaphysis

109
Q

The hollow region within the diaphysis is called?

A

Medullary cavity that stores yellow marrow

110
Q

Compact bone is a dense, hard tissue that is found in the ?

A

Shaft of long bones

111
Q

This bone contains irregular holes that make it lighter in weight and provides a space for red bone marrow, which produces blood?

A

Spongy bone

112
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells are nonspecialized bone cells that can turn into?

A

Osteoblasts, which are the cells that form bones

113
Q

Osteocytes are considered ?

A

Matured bone cells that were originally osteoblasts

114
Q

Osteoclasts break down bone material and help?

A

Move calcium and phosphate into the blood

115
Q

A thin band of cartilage forms an?

A

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

116
Q

The tough, fibrous connective tissue surrounding bone is?

A

Periosteum

117
Q

During endochondral ossification the?

A

Cartilage turns to bone

CELL BIO EXAM 2 (4 decks)

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