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CELL BIO EXAM 2 > The Muscular System: Movement For The Journey > Flashcards

The Muscular System: Movement For The Journey Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three major types of muscles ?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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2
Q

Skeletal muscles are _____ that attach to bones of the skeletal system

A

Voluntary muscles

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3
Q

The fibers appear striped, so they are sometimes called?

A

Striated muscle

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4
Q

These type of muscle allow external movement and are developed through exercise ?

A

Skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Smooth muscles are_____?

A

Involuntary muscles

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6
Q

Why are the smooth muscles called that?

A

Because they don’t have the striped appearance of skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Where are smooth muscles found within?

A

Certain organs, blood vessels, and airways, and allow for internal movements

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle is ?

A

Completely involuntary

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9
Q

What type of appearance does cardiac muscle have?

A

It’s a specialized muscles with a striated appearance

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10
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found in?

A

In the heart

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11
Q

The contraction of cardiac muscle causes ?

A

Your heart beat, an internal movement

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12
Q

Skeletal muscles are attached to?

A

Bones and provide movement for your body

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13
Q

Tendons are ?

A

Fibrous tissues that attach skeletal muscles to bones

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14
Q

Ligaments attach to?

A

Bone to bone

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15
Q

Some muscles attach directly to a?

A

Bone or soft tissue without a tendon

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16
Q

Heat is produced by?

A

Skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Movement of the body is the result of ?

A

Contraction (shortening) of certain muscles while there is relaxation of others

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18
Q

The primary mover (or agonist) is the ?

A

Chief muscle causing movement

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19
Q

As the muscle contracts it pulls the bone causing movement

A

The antagonist relaxes

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20
Q

What is the point of origin?

A

The end of the muscle that is attached to the stationary bone

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21
Q

What is the point of insertion ?

A

Muscle end that is attached to the moving bone

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22
Q

When you make a fist the ______ assist the primary mover

A

Synergistic muscles

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23
Q

Several muscle fibers can be ?

A

Bundled together to form a specific muscle segment

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24
Q

Each muscle fiber is composed of?

A

Several myofibrils

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25
Q

Sarcomeres are the functional contractile unites of each fiber; they___?

A

Form a repeating pattern in each myofibril

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26
Q

Each sarcomere has two types of threadlike structures called?

A

Thick and thin myofilaments

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27
Q

Thick myofilaments are made up of?

A

The protein myosin

28
Q

Thin myofilaments are made up of?

A

The protein actin

29
Q

The sarcomere has actin and myosin filaments arranged in repeating units separated by a dark band called?

A

Z lines that give the striated appearance to the skeletal muscle

30
Q

Z lines are the borders of ?

A

Each sarcomere that hold all of the actin fibers together

31
Q

Muscle contraction requires the cross-bridges to form between ?

A

The myosin head and the actin to pull the sarcomere together

32
Q

What energy is needed for the contract and relaxation?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

33
Q

Calcium is stored away from the actin and myosin in the ?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of each muscle fiber during relaxation of the muscle

34
Q

During contraction, the calcium is released from the SR and causes?

A

Actin, myosin, and ATP to interact which causes the contraction

35
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscle require the coordination of both the ?

A

Muscular and nervous systems

36
Q

The initiation of a skeletal muscular contraction requires an impulse from a motor neuron to cause the release of a neurotransmitter substance called?

A

Acetylcholine which sets the process of muscle contraction into motion

37
Q

Acetylcholine opens the sodium channels which?

A

Excites the muscle fibers

38
Q

The body stores glycogen in the muscle, where it waits to be converted to a useable energy source. When needed glycogen is?

A

Converted to glucose which releases energy

39
Q

Smooth muscle, also called visceral muscle is found?

A

In the internal organs except for the heart

40
Q

Enlarging the diameter of a blood vessel is called?

A

Vasodilation

41
Q

Decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel is called?

A

Vasoconstriction

42
Q

Vasodilation can lead to a ?

A

Decrease in blood pressure due to smooth muscle relaxation in the blood vessel

43
Q

Vasoconstriction increases ?

A

Blood pressure

44
Q

Cardiac muscle is ?

A

Involuntary

45
Q

This muscle does not repair itself?

A

Cardiac muscle

46
Q

Damage to cardiac muscle always leaves a ?

A

Scar

47
Q

Hypertrophy refers to ?

A

Increased growth

48
Q

Muscles may waste away (atrophy) from the?

A

Lack of use

49
Q

Myalgia is ?

A

Pain or tenderness in a muscle

50
Q

Fibromyalgia mostly affects ?

A

Women in their 40’s

51
Q

Ataxia are?

A

Irregular muscle action with lack coordination

52
Q

Partial or total loss of function in voluntary muscles can be either flaccid or rigid is called?

A

Paralysis

53
Q

Involuntary sudden and violent contraction of a muscle for a prolonged period of time is called?

A

Spasm or cramp

54
Q

Tears or breaks in ligaments are called?

A

Sprains

55
Q

Actual tears in muscles or tendons are called?

A

Strains

56
Q

A tear in the muscle wall with an organ protruding through the opening is called a?

A

Hernia

57
Q

Inflammation of the tendons is called?

A

Tendinitis

58
Q

This disorder gradually increasing profound muscle weakness, with drooping of the eyelid as the first symptom?

A

Myasthenia

59
Q

This disorder is inherited muscular disease in which muscle fibers degenerate and there is progressive muscular weakness is called?

A

Muscular dystrophy

60
Q

This disorder of the peripheral nervous system causes flaccid and paralysis and the loss of reflexes, ascending from the feet and progressing to the head is called?

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome

61
Q

This neuromuscular creates rigid paralysis, and minor stimulus causes muscles to go into a major spasm. It’s a result of toxins produced by bacteria found in the ground from a puncture wound called?

A

Tetanus

62
Q

The chief muscle causing movement is the ?

A

Prime mover

63
Q

The point where the muscle attaches to the movable bone is the ?

A

Insertion

64
Q

The muscles that assist the agonist are?

A

Synergists

65
Q

Inflammation of the extensor muscles and surrounding tissues of the lower leg found in runner?

A

Shin splints

CELL BIO EXAM 2 (4 decks)

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