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CELL BIO EXAM 2 > The Integumentary System: The Protective Covering > Flashcards

The Integumentary System: The Protective Covering Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some components of the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, nails, and associated glands

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2
Q

What is the largest organ?

A

The skin

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous or hypodermis

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4
Q

What is the outer layer of the skin called?

A

The epidermis

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5
Q

The cells on the surface of the epidermis are constantly shedding and being replaced with new cells that arise from what region of the skin?

A

The stratum basale

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6
Q

The outermost layer is a layer of dead cells called the?

A

Stratum corneum

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7
Q

What layer of cells has flat, scaly, keratinized epithelial cells?

A

The stratum corneum

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8
Q

Specialized cels that are located deep in the epidermis and are responsible for skin color is called?

A

Melanocytes

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9
Q

This cell produces melanin, a substance that causes skin color

A

Melanocytes

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10
Q

Variation in the skin color is the result of the amount of ?

A

Melanin produced and how it is distributed

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11
Q

This pigment gives a yellowish hue to the skin ?

A

Carotene

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12
Q

This pigment gives a pinkish hue and is derived from the ?

A

Hemoglobin in the blood

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13
Q

The color of the skin can indicate?

A

Disease

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14
Q

When liver disease occurs, the body can’t break down bilirubin. This buildup gives the the skin color of?

A

Deeper yellow color (Jaundice)

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15
Q

A malfunctioning adrenal gland can cause the skin to turn?

A

bronze due to excessive melanin

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16
Q

Excessive bruising could indicate ?

A

Skin, blood, or circulatory problems

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17
Q

A blue coloring of the skin, results from a drop in blood oxygen called?

A

Cyanosis

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18
Q

The layer below, or deep, to the epidermis is the ?

A

Dermis layer

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19
Q

Allows you to sense what is happening in your environment?

A

Nerve fibers

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20
Q

Vasodilation of capillaries in the dermis layer causes ?

A

Blushing

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21
Q

Collagen and elastic fibers allow for the ?

A

Elasticity of the skin, preventing the tearing of the skin with movement

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22
Q

They allow skin to return to normal shape during periods of rest?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

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23
Q

Older people lose some of this elasticity, leading to wrinkles

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

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24
Q

What are the two main types of sudoriferous or sweat gland?

A

Apocrine sweat gland
Eccrine glands

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25
Q

Secrete at the hair follicles in the groin and anal region as well as the armpits and become active around puberty and are believed to act as sexual attractants

A

Apocrine sweat glands

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26
Q

This type of sweat is yellowish in color and potentially odorous

A

Apocrine sweat glands

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27
Q

Found in greater numbers on your palms, feet, forehead, and upper lip and are important in the regulation of temperature

A

Eccrine glands

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28
Q

The body has ______ sweat glands

A

3 million

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29
Q

Sweat from _____ has no odor, but bacteria degrades the substances in the sweat over time into chemicals that give off strong smells commonly known as body odors.

A

Eccrine sweat glands

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30
Q

Sebaceous glands play an important role by?

A

Secreting oil, or sebum

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31
Q

Keeps the skin from drying out and (due to its acidic nature) helps destroy some pathogens on the skins surface

A

Sebum

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32
Q

The innermost layer of the skin is the ?

A

Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis

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33
Q

This layer is composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and fatty tissue

A

Subcutaneous fascia

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34
Q

This cell produce the fat needed to provide padding to protect the deeper tissues of the body and act as insulation for temperature regulation

A

Lipocytes or fat cells

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35
Q

Fascia attaches to the ?

A

Muscles of the body

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36
Q

How the skin heals if the skin is punctured and the wound damages blood vessels ……..?

A
  1. The wound fills with blood
  2. Blood contains substances that cause clotting
  3. The top part of the clot exposed to air hardens to form a scab (natures band-aid)
  4. Forming a barrier and preventing pathogens from entering
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37
Q

In minor wounds the dermis will eventually ?

A

Regenerate

38
Q

In severe wounds, the dermis will be?

A

Replaced by a scar

39
Q

Burns can be caused by ?

A

Heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

40
Q

What are the two factors that affect the assessments of damage ?

A

Depth
Amount of area damaged

41
Q

The depth of a burn relates to the layer or layers of ?

A

Skin affected by the burn

42
Q

First degree burns damage only the?

A

Outer layer or epidermis

43
Q

What are the symptoms of first degree burns ?

A

Includes redness, pain, but not blisters

44
Q

In a first degree burn the pain subsides within?

A

2-3 days and there is no scarring, complete healing takes about a week

45
Q

Second degree burns involve the entire depth of the?

A

Epidermis and a portion of the dermis

46
Q

What are the symptoms of second degree burns ?

A

Redness, pain, and blistering

47
Q

The extent of blistering is dependent on the ?

A

Depth of the burn

48
Q

How long to do blister take to heal ?

A

With 10-14 days if there are no complications, with deeper second degree burns take 1-3 1/2 months

49
Q

Scarring is common in what degree of burn ?

A

Second degree burn

50
Q

Third degree burns affect what layers of the skin?

A

All three layers of the skin

51
Q

How does the third degree burn affect the skin?

A

The surface of the burn has a leathery feel and will range in color from black, brown, tan, red, or white

52
Q

In a third degree burn the victims feel no pain because?

A

The pain receptors are destroyed

53
Q

What is destroyed in a third degree burn?

A

Sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels

54
Q

Fourth degree burns are the worst burns because ?

A

The burns penetrate the bone and cause bone damage

55
Q

The rule of nines is used to estimate the?

A

Extent of area damaged by burns

56
Q

The body is divided into the following regions with each given a percentage of the body surface are a value?

A

Head and neck — 9%
Each upper limb — 9% (2 X 9 = 18%)
Front of trunk — 18%
Back of trunk and buttocks —18%
Front of legs — 18%
Back of legs — 18%
Perineum (including anus and urogenital region) —1%

57
Q

The clinical concerns for burn victims relate to the functions of the skin already discussed, including:

A

Bacterial infections
Fluid loss
Heat loss

58
Q

Severe burns require healing steps at an ?

A

Intensity level of the body can’t manage on its own

59
Q

Damaged skin must be removed (debridement) as soon as possible to?

A

Prevent infection so that skin grafting can be started

60
Q

Autografting is ?

A

Using the patients own skin

61
Q

Heterografting (from a donor) is require ?

A

The patient suffered a large are of burn and has little healthy skin to graft

62
Q

Grafting requires many trips to the OR because ?

A

Large areas can’t be done all at once and often the grafts don’t “take”

63
Q

As these cells grow out and over the nail bed, they become?

A

Keratinized forming a substance similar to the horns on a bull

64
Q

The cuticle is a fold of ?

A

Tissue that covers the nail root

65
Q

Nails normally grow ?

A

1 mm every week

66
Q

The pink color of the nail comes from the ?

A

Vascularization of the tissue under the nails

67
Q

The white half-moon shaped area, or ____ is a result of the ?

A

Lunula, thicker layer of cells at the base

68
Q

Body hair helps to regulate ?

A

Body temperature and functions as a sensor to help detect things on your skin

69
Q

The eyelash helps to protect ?

A

Our eyes from foreign objects

70
Q

Hair in the nose helps to?

A

Filter out particulate matter

71
Q

Visible hair is composed of fibrous protein called?

A

Keratin

72
Q

The hair you see is called _____ with the root extending down into the dermis to the follicle

A

The shaft

73
Q

The _____ is formed by the epithelial cells with a rich source of blood provided by the dermal blood vessels

A

Follicle

74
Q

Cells divide and grow in the base of the follicle, older cells are pushed away and die, so the shaft of the hair is compromised of _____?

A

Dead cells

75
Q

Your hair color is dependent on the amount and type of__?

A

Melanin you produce

76
Q

The more melanin, the darker your hair. White hair occurs in?

A

The absence of melanin

77
Q

Part of the regulation of temperature is accomplished by?

A

Changes in the size of blood vessels

78
Q

Vasodilation exposes ?

A

Heated blood to external cooling air

79
Q

Vasoconstriction keeps cooling of?

A

Blood to a minimum when its cold outside

80
Q

Shivering causes muscle activity that___?

A

Produces heat to warm you when your’e cold

81
Q

Hair on your skin stand erect when arrest or pili muscles contracts; this is known as ?

A

Goose bumps

82
Q

A single affected patch of skin is a ?

A

Lesion

83
Q

Your skin is the largest organ that _____?

A

Acts as a barrier to infection and injury
Regulates temperature
Stores fat; synthesizes and produces vitamin D
Elimination of water, salts and urea

84
Q

Glands secrete oil to moisturize ___?

A

Waterproof, and control body temperature

85
Q

Burns are assessed based on the severity of burns by?

A

Depth of burn and area covered

86
Q

The layer of the skin that contains dead cells is?

A

Epidermis

87
Q

The dermis contains?

A

Nerve endings
Blood vessels
Sweat and oil glands

88
Q

A minor sunburn would be considered a ____ degree burn.

A

1st

89
Q

The scab protecting a wound is actually a ?

A

Blood clot

90
Q

The hair root is located in the?

A

Dermis

91
Q

In cold weather, peripheral blood vessels generally?

A

Vasoconstrict

92
Q

Muscles attached to hair on your skin that aid temperature regulation are?

A

Arrector pili

CELL BIO EXAM 2 (4 decks)

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