The Skeletal System Chapter 4 Flashcards
What does mineral homeostasis mean for bones (6)
Bone store most of the calcium in our bodies + this forms bones + vital for nerve transmission + muscle contraction + blood clotting + functioning of making enzymes
Also releases calcium into the bloodstream if needed
What controls the mineral homeostasis in bones
Hormones
Some bones of the body contain red marrow which through haemopoiesis produces what three things
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Yellow bone marrow is found in some bones as lipids what are they stored for
An important energy reserve for the body
Osteology is the study of what
Bone
Osseous tissue (bone tissue) is a connective tissue matrix is composed of what 4 things
Water
Protein
Fibre
Mineral salts
Osseous tissue (bone tissue) of fibrous tissue is made of a protein called what
Collagen - Which enables bones to resist being stretched or torn apart
Without collagen bones would be what
Hard and brittle without the ability to stretch
Mineral salts in bones Are mainly calcium carbonate and crystallised hydroxyapatite. The salts give bone it’s what?
Hardness
What are the four types of cells that make up bone tissue?
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
There are four different types of cells that make up bone tissue. What does the Osteoprogenitor cells do?
Osteoprogenitor cells = are stem cells derived from (connective tissue found in an embryo) they have the ability to become osteoblasts
Two types of bone tissue exist what are they?
Compact
Spongy
Compact (dense) bone tissue is very hard/compact tissue with… Spaces within it. It is composed of a basic structural unit call an… or Haversian system – consists of concentric rings called… Made of hard calcified matrix.
Between the lamellae are small faces calls… Osteocytes are housed.
Through the centre of the lamellae run haversian canals in which… And… And… …. Are found.
These haversian canals are connected to one another and the periosteum through perforating canals called……
Canalicil = A tiny canals that radiate upwards for the central canal to other… = the main function of compact bone tissue to protect and support – it forms the external layer of all bone
Few
Osteon
Lamellae
Lacunae
Nerves and blood and lymph vessels are found
Volkmann’s canals
Lacunae
Spongy (cancellous) bone tissue:
Is a light tissue with many spaces within it and it has a sponge–like appearance.
It does not contain…. Instead it is made up of lamellae arranged in irregular latticework of thin plates of bone called….
Spongy bone tissue contains red bone marrow, which is the site of… –… …
It is found in the hip bones ,…,…,…,… And the ends of some long bones
osteons
Called trabeculae
The sight of blood – cell production
Found in the hip bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull and the ends of some long bones
Bone is a living tissue constantly changing, repairing and reshaping itself. Most bones are formed through…, A process which begins between the sixth and seventh week of the embryonic life and continues throughout adulthood there are two types of ossification:
Ossification
1) Intramembranous ossification
2) Endochondral ossification 
Bones are form to ossification there are two types of ossification
Intramembranous ossification:
Endochondral ossification

Intramembranous ossification = bone forms on or within lease, fibrous connective – tissue membranes without first going through the cartilage stage
Endochondral Ossification = bone forms on Hyaline cartilage – which has been produced by cells called chondroblast
New bone tissue constantly replaces old/wornout/injured bone tissue through a process called?
Remodelling
Aging causes Demineralisation of the bone this is the loss of what?
It also decreases the body’s ability to produce… Which gives bones their tensile strength therefore bones become more brittle and susceptible to…
Calcium and other minerals from the bone matrix (especially evident in women after 30 years of age)
Collagen which gives bones the tensile strength therefore bones become more brittle and susceptible to fracture
There are five types of general classification for bones, what are they?
Long
Short
Flat
Regular
Sesamoid
Long bones have a greater length and width.
Are slightly curved why?
Are composed of mainly compact bone tissue with some spongy bone tissue.
E.g.
Are slightly curved to provide strength
E.g. femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges, humerus, ulna, radius
Short bones are cubed – shaped and nearly equal in length and…
They are made up of mainly spongy bone with a thin surface of… Bone
E.g.
Width
Compact bone
Carpals and tarsals
Flat bones are thin bones consisting of a layer of spongy bone enclosed by a layer of… Bone
They act as areas of attachment for… Muscles and also provide protection
E.g.
Compact bone
Skeletal muscles
E.g. Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapular
Irregular bones are most bones that cannot be classified as long, short or flat bones.
They have complex shapes and varying amounts of… And… Tissues
E.g.
Compact and spongy tissues
E.g. vertebra
sesamoid bones Are oval bones that develop in… Where there is considerable pressure
E.g.
Tendons where there is considerable pressure
E.g. patella (kneecap)
What is the main central shaft called in a long bone?
It is covered by a membrane known as the what?
Diaphysis
Periosteum - Provide attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments also essential for attrition, repair and growth to the diameter of bone
The periosteum Is the membrane that covers the central shaft of a long bone. It has two layers what are they?
Outer fibrous layer – made of dents in regular connective tissue that contains blood vessels, length vessels and nerves that passed into the bone
Inner osteogenic later – made of elastic fibres that contain blood vessels and bone cells
The end of each lung bone (diaphysis) is called on what?
Epiphysis
Each epiphysis is covered by thin layer of Hyaline cartilage called what
Articular cartilage
Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorb shock in the areas where bone forms what kind of joint
Epiphysis Is what the articular cartilage covers what is it made of and what does it produce?
Forms and articulation (joint) with the surface of another bone
It is mainly spongy bone tissue and contains red bone marrow
It is where blood cells are produced
The region where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis is called the what?
In a grown bone it is the layer of Hyalin cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length - This is called the… Plate
In mature bone (that is no longer growing in length) this plate is replaced with her… Line
Metaphysis 
Epiphyseal
Epiphyseal
The inside of the diaphysis is a space known as the… Or…. ….
This is lined by a membrane called the…
This contains cells necessary for bone formation – in adults this cavity contains fatty yellow bone marrow which stores…
Medullary or marrow cavity 
Endosteum
Liquids
The skeleton is made up of a central axial skeleton and an appendicular skeleton what do they teach do?
Axial Skeleton equals supports and protects the major organs of the head, neck and trunk
Appendicular skeleton = forms the upper and lower extremities of the girdles
The bones of the skeleton or attach to one another by what?
Ligaments – tough fibrous chords of connective tissue that contain both collagen and elastic fibres
Which bone in the neck does not articulate with any other bone in the body (this is a unique bone)
The hyoid bone - Is suspended from the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles
What is the function of a Hyoid bone?
It supports the tongue and provides attachment for some of the muscles of the neck and pharynx
The spine is composed of 33 vertebra what are they?
7 cervical
12 Thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccyx
The 7 cervical vertebra formed the neck. The first (C1) is called the what?
C2 Is the second and it’s called what – it allows the head to rotate side to side
The 3rd to 6th or normal, but the C7 is called a what? And is large/prominent so can be seen/felt at the back of the neck
Atlas
Axis
Vertebra prominens 
The 12 thoracic vertebra are larger and stronger than the cervical vertebra. The first 10 articulate with what?
Articulate with the ribs
The 5 lumbar vertebra support to the lower back. They are the largest, strongest vertebra and provide attachment for what?
They provide attachment for the large muscles of the back/support the weight of the upper body
The five sacral vertebra are fused together to form a triangular bone called the what? It is strong foundation for the pelvic girdle
Sacrum 
The 4 coccygeal Vertebra fuse to form a triangle shape called the what?
Coccyx or tailbone
Although vertebra differ in size and shape according to where in the spine they have found they all have similar structural patterns (6)
vertebral body - Weight-bearing
Vertebral arch -This arch forms the vertebral foramen
Vertebral foramen - Contains the spinal cord + connective tissue + blood = For the spinal canal
Transverse processes - The point where muscles attach
Spinous process -Also where muscles attach
Superior and inferior articular processes -Joined the vertebra above and below
Where can intervertebral discs be found?
Between the vertebrae
What are intervertebral discs composed of?
Intervertebral disc from strong joints that allow the spinal column to leave in many directions what else do they do?
Composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage called annulus fibrosus And a soft, elastic inner called nucleus pulposus
They provide a cushioning that can flatten/absorbed vertical shock under compression

The spine has four natural curves that increase its strength of flexibility + help maintain balance + absorb shock
What are they called?
1) Cervical curve
2) Thoracic curve
3) Lumbar curve
4) Sacral curve
The thorax or thoracic cage is a bony cage formed posteriorly by… Thoracic vertebra and their intervertebral disc.
+ 12 pairs of ribs + they’re associated costal cartilage + anteriorly by the sternum
12
The sternum is commonly known as the breast bone and is actually a fusion of how many bones? And what are they called?
It is attached to the first seven pairs of what? by what?
Three bones
Manubrium, the body, xiphoid process
Seven pairs of ribs by costal cartilage
How many ribs are there total?
12
The thorax encloses and protects the heart and lungs and supports the bones of the shoulder… And upper…
The shoulder girdle and upper limbs
The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower extremities of the girdles this includes what?
The bones of the arms and legs, shoulders and pelvis
The pectoral griddle (the shoulder) made up of two bones what are they?
The clavicle and scapula
The clavicle is an S – shaped bone. It forms two joints what are they called?
The sternoclavicular joint with the sternum and the acromioclavicle joint with the acromion of the scapular - Both of these are diarthrotic/synovial planer joints + the sternoclavicular joint is also classified as a pivot joint
The shoulder joint is a diarthrotic/synovial ball and socket joint formed by which two bones?
And what movements can it do?
Humerus and scapular - It is the most flexible joint in the body
It can do flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation and circumduction
Because the shoulder joint has so much movement it is prone to dislocation however it is strengthened by group of muscles called what?
What form muscles does it consist of?
Rotator cuff muscles – this around the joint joining the scapular to the humorous
It consists of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis muscles
The upper limb is composed of four distinct anatomical regions what are they?
The shoulder, the arm, forearm and hand
The arm only has one bone what is it called?
The forearm has two long parallel bones what are they called?
Humerus
Ulna and radius
The hand contains 27 small bones and multiple joints which can be divided into three regions what are they?
Carpals , metacarpals and phalanges
The pelvic girdle (the hip) is a strong and stable structure - The total weight of the upper body rests upon it – the pelvic girdle supports both the spine and what?
It is the site of attachment for many muscles.
Visceral organs
The pelvic girdle attaches the leg to the trunk of the body and is composed of 2 hip bones called what?
The innominate bones and coxal bones/ossa coxae
(In newborns each of these bones is made up of 3 smaller bones - ilium, ischium, pubis)
The sacrum, coccyx and pelvic girdle forms the pelvis - a basin like structure.
The acetabulum is formed from fused parts of which 3 bones
The ilium, ischium, pubis (is a deep socket for the head of the femur)
The joint formed by the femur and the acetabulum is called the hip joint (coxal joint) and is a diaphoretic, synovial ball and socket joint that allows what movements?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction and rotation
What is a synovial joint?
Synovial joint is the ends of bones which are encased in smooth cartilage
The pubic bones are united anteriorly by cartilaginous joints called what?
Posteriorly the idiom of each hip bone connects with the sacrum at the what joint?
Pubic synthesis
Sacroiliac joint
The lower limb extends from the hip to the foot and is composed of six distinct atomic regions what are they?
These bones are all thicker and stronger than the upper limbs because they are weight-bearing (weight of the whole body)
Gluten region (hip and buttocks)
Femoral region (thigh)
Knee region
Leg region
Talocrural region (ankle)
Foot region
The femur (thigh bone) is the largest/heaviest/strongest bone in the body.
It is composed of a long body called the shaft and two ends, what are they called?
The superior (approximate) and consists of a rounded head, neck and two trochanters
The inferior (distal) and is composed of two condyles
The femur does not run down the thigh vertically but instead is at a slight angle (superomedially) why is this?
To ensure a person centre of gravity runs vertically through the legs and feet when standing upright
Balance
Allows for greater mobility of the femur at the hip joint
The knee joint is the largest joint in the body and one of the strongest. It is made up of three smaller diaphoretic synovial joints what are they?
1)The intermediate patellofemoral joint (gilding joint)
2)The lateral tibiofemoral joint (modified hinge joint)
3)The medial tibiofemoral joint (modified hinge joint)
Between the tibia and femur are two menisic, These are fibrocartilage discs that help to compensate for the irregular shapes of the bones and also help circulate what?
Synovial fluid
The new permits flexion, extension and to a small degree medial/lateral rotation.
Why is it restricted for any other movements?
Because of the arrangement of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament – the knee joint is further stabilised by the medial and lateral collateral ligament which prevents sideways movement and excessive rotation
Movement in the knee joint is essential for walking, running, sitting, standing – therefore has to be strong and flexible so uses muscles and ligaments to withstand stresses and?
Strains of powerful leg movement
The Tibia and Fibula of bones of the leg and the shops are connected by dense interosseous membrane. They articulate proximity and distally at the… Joints.
Tibiofibular joint
The tibia and Fibula are connected by dense interosseous membrane. The proximal tibiofibular joint is a diaphoretic synovial planar joint and the distal one is and what?
Neither of these joints have much movement and instead provide stability to the ankle.
In the lower leg the tibia bears most of the bodies weight while the fibula does what?
Amphiarthotic fibrous joint
The fibula serves as an area for muscle attachment
The medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus on the fibula meet at the talus of the foot at the ankle joint which is called what?
This joint is a diarthrotic synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsal flexion and plantarflexion of the foot. The capsules sit snugly around the joint and it’s reinforced medially and laterally by what kind of ligaments?
Tolocrural joint
Collateral ligaments
Like the bones of the hand the bones of the foot fall into three regions what are they?
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
These are extremely strong bones that support a body weight and enable us to walk/run
Seven tarsal bones make up the proximal region of the foot. This region can be referred to as the tarsus And what are the three things?
Posterior foot
Proximal foot
Hindfoot
The talus is the only bone in the foot that articulates with the bones of the leg and it transmits around half the weight of the body to the what?
Also known as the heel bone it is the largest tarsal bone and rests on the ground when the body assumes what position?
Calcaneus
Standing position
Five metatarsal bones make up the metatarsus also known as what three things?
The tarsal bones together with the five long metatarsal bones from the weight-bearing arch of the foot it is reinforced by what two things?
What extends from the distal end of the metatarsals?
Anterior/distal/forefoot
Ligaments and muscles
The phalanges (toes)
There are four different types of cells that make up bone tissue. What does the Osteoblasts do?
Osteoblasts = cells secrete collagen and other organic compounds to form bones
There are four different types of cells that make up bone tissue. What does the Osteocytes do?
Osteocytes mature bone cells that maintain the daily activity of bone tissue. I drive from osteoblasts and all the main cells Found in bone tissue
There are four different types of cells that make up bone tissue. What does the Osteoclasts do?
Osteoclasts cells are found on a surface of bone and destroys/resorb bone tissue
