The Muscular System - Chapter 5 Flashcards
All your bodies movements are created by tiny filament sliding to overlap one another as they overlap each other the muscles begin to… Which creates movement
Shorten
What is the study of muscles called
Myology
Muscles can only shorten which means all movements are a push or pull?
Pull
Muscles have the unique ability to shorten themselves this is known as what?
Contraction
Through contracting our muscles we can produce what five things
Movement
Maintain posture
Move substances within the body
Regulate organ volume
Produce heat
Movement of the skeleton is called what
Locomotion
Skeletal muscles are a type of muscle That is mostly attached to…
Bone
Skeletal muscles are a type of muscle that’s mostly attached to bone by a strong cord of dense connective tissue called…
Tendons
When muscles contract they move the bones at the…
Joints. This produces movement of the skeleton
When we are awake how do we stay in an upright position
Certain skeletal muscles are always partially contracted e.g. neck muscles
Muscle tendons Surround and stabilise Body posture what two other things do they do
Protect
Stabilise joints
In addition to skeletal muscles there are two other types of muscle
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal muscle, smooth-muscle and cardiac muscle all have a function in moving substances within the body and regulating organ control/volume. How do they do this?
Skeletal muscle: Contract to help return then venous blood to the heart + move lymph through the lymphatic vessels
Cardiac muscle:The heart is made up of cardiac muscles tissue which contracts to pump blood around the body + regulate blood pressure
Smooth (visceral) muscle: Lines hollow tracks of the body - contracts to move food through the gastrointestinal tract + move urine through the urinary tract + move baby through birthing canal
Do skeletal muscles release a lot of energy as they contract?
Yes. This energy takes the form of heat
What is the generation of heat in the body called
Thermogenesis
In order to increase the body temperature skeletal muscles contract involuntarily this is called what
Shivering
Smooth (visceral) muscle
Is it non-strained or strained
Does it move voluntary or involuntary
It also helps two body functions what are they
Non-strained
Involuntary
Move substances within the body + regulates organ volume
Skeletal muscle
Non-strained or strained
Voluntary or involuntary
What three other body functions does it do
Strained
Voluntary
Move the skeleton + maintains posture + generates heat
Cardiac muscle
Are they strange or unstrained
voluntary or involuntary
One other body function
Strained
Involuntary
Pumps blood
Muscle tissue is either strained or non-strained when under a microscope What do they look like
Strain tissue is made up of light and dark bands
Some muscles contain autorhythmic cells which are?
Self – excitable cells
Where are skeletal muscles attached
By tendons to bone, skin or other muscles
They enable movement of the skeleton, lymph + venous blood, maintain posture, produce heat
Where are cardiac muscles located
Forms most of the heart
Pumps blood around the body, helps regulate blood pressure 
Where are smooth muscles ( visceral muscles) located
Forms the walls of hollow internal structures e.g. blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, bladder
Move substances through the tract, regulates organ volume
What does excitability (Irritability) mean
The ability of muscle cells (also nerve cells) to respond to stimuli
What does conductivity mean
The ability of muscles cells to move action potential along the plasma membrane
What does action potentials mean
An electrical change that occurs on the membrane of a muscle fibre in response to a nerve impulse
What does contractility mean
Debility of muscles to contract and shorten
What does extensibility mean
The ability of muscles to extend and lengthen
What does elasticity mean
Debility of muscles to return to their organ shape after contracting or extending
What does Myo mean
Muscle
What does Sacro mean
Flesh
Lining the walls of the body + holding the muscles and limbs together as a dents in regular connective tissue called?
Fascia ( Also surrounds and protects organs of the body)
Fascia separates muscles into different functional groups + fill spaces between muscles Therefore allowing free movement of muscles. what else does it do?
Supports the nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels that serve the muscles
Beneath the fascia lies muscle. Looking at the muscle under a microscope you will see hundreds of muscle fibres surrounded and held together by what
Connective tissue
The connective tissue that surrounds Fazia protects and reinforces the fibre because…
Although they can produce great power they are fragile cells and can be easily damaged
There are three types of dense irregular connective tissue which protect and strengthen the muscle, what are they? and what are their features?
1)epimysium = The outermost layer that in circles the whole muscle
2)Perimysium = Surround bundles of 10 to 100 muscle fibres (bundles call fascicles)
3)endomysium = Surrounds each individual muscle fibre with in the fascial (contains many blood capillaries which bring oxygen + nutrients + removes waste products)
Together the epimysium + perimysium + endomysium Extend beyond muscle fibres and become what
Tendons or aponeuroses
Because muscle fibres require energy to contract they contain many
Mitochondria
A muscle cell is called a
Muscle fibre or myofibre
The plasma membrane is called the
Sarcolemma
The cytoplasm is called the
Sarcoplasm
A sarcomere is a basic functional unit of a… Muscle fibre
Strained muscle fibre ( It contains the filaments that moved to overlap one another and cause a muscle shorten)
Sarcomeres contain three types of filaments
1) Thick filaments
2)Thin filaments
3) elastic filaments
Sarcomeres contain three filaments explain each other functions
Thick Filaments: contains what type of protein?
Thin filaments: contains what type of protein?
Elastic Filaments: contains what type of protein?
Thick filaments: Contain molecules of protein myosin. The tales of the molecules appointed towards the centre of the sacromere. The heads of the molecules are called myosin heads or cross bridges and extend towards the thin filaments (the molecules lie parallel to each other)
Thin filaments: Contain protein actin, tropomyosin + tropnin. These molecules have a regular shapes that appear together as a chain of twisted molecules – one molecule = myosin – binding site its head can attach to bring about contractions
Elastic filament contain protein totin (Connectin) help stabilise the position of thick filaments
Sacromeres are made up of two different regions (Dan’s) that gives skeletal muscles there striated appearance fees are called A – band and I – band explain them
A-band = Darker area composed of thick filaments (only a few thin filaments overlap in this area) – in the centre of the A-band is a narrow H-zone that only contains thick filaments – it is divided by Emmaline of protein molecules that hold the thick filaments together
I-band= Is a lighter area composed of only thin filaments
Muscles shorten when thick and thin filaments in the Sarcomere slide past one another this is known as what
Sliding – filament mechanism
Muscle contraction in a nutshell
contractionIt’s all about the… Of… Filaments binding to the site on… Actin filament and pulling these filaments in Word
What three things are needed for this
myosin heads of thick filaments
Thin actin filaments
Nerve impulses, ATP, calcium
What does the term muscle tone mean
Maintaining posture and keeping our bodies in the upright position - Happens even when muscles are completely relaxed a few muscle fibres are still involuntarily contracted
What does hypotonia mean
A loss of muscle tone – muscles appear loose or flattened
What does hypertonia mean
An increase in muscle tone – muscles Appear stiff or rigid
Isotonic contractions are regular contractions in which the muscles… And create movement while tension in the muscle remains…
Improve muscle strength and joy mobility coming to forms what are they
Shorten
Constant
1) Concentric contractions - Always towards the centre, muscle shortens and generates a movement that decreases the angle at a joint
2) Eccentric contractions - Always away from the centre, contraction in which muscle lengthens
Isometric contractions – The muscle contracts but does not… And no movement has generated
This type of contraction… Some joints while others are moved
It also improves muscle…
Shortened
Stabilises
Tone
Where do muscles get their glucose and oxygen from
Glucose: Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and stored in the body as glycogen – can be stored in liver or muscles
Oxygen: Supplied to muscle fibres into forms
1) Stored in the muscle cells themselves in the form of myoglobin
2) Stored in the blood in the form of haemoglobin
If a muscle is overstimulated it can become progressively weaker until it no longer responds to any stimulation and cannot maintain its contraction this is called
Muscle fatigue
Muscle fatigue can occur for the following three reasons
1) Insufficient supply of oxygen or glycogen
2) A buildup of lactic acid
3) failure of action potential to release adequate acetylcholine
Not all muscle fibres are identical they differ in what following four ways
Appearance (colour and size)
How they produce ATP
How quickly they contract
How quickly they fatigue
There are three different types of muscle fibre
Slow oxidative
Fast oxidative
Fast glycolytic 
Most muscles are composed of a combination of all three
Red muscle fibres and white muscle fibres contain myoglobin which one has a high content of the myoglobin and a low content
Red muscle fibres have a high Content of myoglobin
White muscle fibres have a low content of myoglobin
The sternocleidomastoid Is one of the largest superficial muscles where
And is most commonly injured during what
The neck
Whiplash

The sternocleidomastoid divides the neck and two regions what are they called
It divides each side of the neck and to regions the anterior triangle triangle
The sternocleidomastoid Is divided into the anterior and posterior triangle
Where is the anterior triangle situated in the neck
The muscles in the anterior triangle are divided according to where they live in relation to what bone
Front of the neck
Hyoid bone
The sternocleidomastoid Is divided into anterior triangle and posterior triangle
Where is the posterior triangle located in the neck
These muscles make up the borders and floors of this region. What is one significant muscle in this region
Lateral aspect of the neck
Omohyoid 
The scalene muscle In the neck comprises of three paired muscles what are they called?
They form part of the floor of the posterior triangle and act to help respiration and… At the neck
Anterior, middle, posterior
Flexion
The anterior scalene muscle lies on the lateral aspect of the neck, deep to the prominent SCM muscle. It inserts into which rib
The first Rib
The middle scalene is the largest longest of the three scalene and has several long thin muscles arising from cervical spine. Where did they insert?
The first rib
The posterior scalene is the smallest and deepest of the scalene muscles and unlike the middle and anterior scalene muscles it inserts into which rib
The second rib
The muscles in the anterior thorax can be divided into muscles that move there… And arm and muscles used in…
Shoulder and arm and muscles used in breathing
Which is the most important muscle for breathing
The diaphragm
The diaphragm is the most important muscle for breathing it separates the thorax from there…
Abdomen
The diaphragm is the most important muscle for breathing. Structurally it consists of two parts what are they called?
A peripheral muscle and a central tendon
The peripheral Muscle makes up part of the diaphragm, it arises from the sternum, ribs and vertebra to cover the other part which makes up the diaphragm what is it called
The central tendon
External intercostal and internal intercostal muscles attached the ribs And contract and relax to alter the size of the what
Thoracic cavity
What are the accessory muscles of respiration
The muscles used when someone is struggling to breathe e.g. during an asthma attack
They are called the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes 
The abdomen wall is made up of four pairs of flat, sheet – like muscles
These are called what
And what are they critical in supporting and stabilising
Rectus abdominous
External obliques
Internal obliques
Transverse abdominous
The lower back
The muscles that move the shoulder (pectoral griddle) are divided into two groups what are they called
They function to stabilise the what
The anterior and posterior girdle
Scapula - Which acts as the point of origin for many of the muscles that move the humorous
What three anterior muscles move the shoulder girdle
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Serratus Anterior
The pectoralis major is the largest muscle of the chest and together with the pectoralis minor forms the front wall of the what?
That helps to move the what?
Armpit
Arm
What six muscles of the back move the shoulders
1)Trapezius
2)Levator scapulae
3)Rhomboid major
4)Rhomboid minor
5)Latissimus Dorsi
6)Rotator cuff
What are the three muscles of the anterior thorax that move the shoulder?
1) Subclavius
2)Pectoralis minor
3)Serratus anterior
For muscles work together to hold the head of humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapular, what are they?
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
The muscles of the back can be divided into three sections what are they?
Superficial – associated with movements of the shoulder
Intermediate – associated with movements of the thoracic cage and respiration
Deep – associated with movements of the vertebral column
The superficial and intermediate muscles of the back are classified as what I don’t involved in moving the upper limbs and thoracic wall
Extrinsic muscles
The deep muscles of the back are classified as As what and act on the vertical column maintaining posture and producing movement
Intrinsic muscles
What is three muscles help stabilise the scapula and form the point of origin for many muscles
Trapezius
Lavita scapulae
Rhomboid
Which two muscles which help move the humerus bone originate from the axle skeleton
Pectoralis major
Latamus dorsi
(All the other muscles that move the humerus originate on the scapular including the rotator cuff)
Some of the muscles located on the forearm. They originate on the scapula humerus and pass over which joint to insert into the radius and ulna
Elbow joint
Divided by fascial layers known as the medial and lateral what?
This layer divides the arm into anterior and posterior compartment. These compartments contain muscles that are innovated by the same nerve/perform the same action
Lateral intermuscular septa 
What two things lie anteriorly to the major flexors at the elbow?
Brachialis
Bicep brachii 
The three headed tricep brachii muscle those posteriorly to the major extender of the elbow together with what?
Anconeus
