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Animal A&P1 > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Osteblasts

A

Cells that form bone, secrete the matrix

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2
Q

The matrix

A

Intercellular substance

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3
Q

Ossification

A

The matrix is infiltrated with calcium and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

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4
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals

A

Give bone its characteristic hardness

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5
Q

Lacunae

A

The ossified matrix

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6
Q

Canaliculi

A

Cellular processes in tiny channels through the bone, osteocytes obtain food and communicate w each other

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7
Q

Functions of bones

A

Support, protection, leverage, and storage

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8
Q

Two hormones that act as “cashiers” at the calcium bank

A

Calcitonin (prevents hypercalcemia) and parathyroid hormone (prevents hypocalcemia)

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9
Q

Calciotropic

A

The hormones are involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the body

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10
Q

Hematopoisesis

A

Blood cell formation

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11
Q

Two main types of bone

A

Cancellous bone and compact bone

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12
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Light and spongy, consists of tiny spicules of bone that appear randomly arranged w lots of spaces btwn them

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13
Q

Compact bone

A

Heavy and dense, makes up shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones. Composed of tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bone called Haversian systems

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14
Q

Haversian canal

A

Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply the osteocytes

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

A membrane that covers the outer surfaces of bones

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

A membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of bones

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17
Q

3 type of cells that make up bone:

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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18
Q

Osteocytes

A

Created once the osteoblast becomes trapped in the ossified matrix

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19
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Instead of forming bone, they eat it away, also allow the body to withdraw calcium from the bones when necessary

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20
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

Tiny channels in the bone matrix, blood vessels here join w the blood vessels in the Haversian canals to bring nutrition to the osteocytes in the Haversian systems

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21
Q

Nutrient foramina

A

Large blood vessels, along with lymph vessels and nerves,
also enter many large bones, especially long bones, through large channels called nutrient foramina

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22
Q

2 ways bone is formed:

A

Grows into and replaces a cartilage model (endochondral or cartilage bone formation), or it develops from fibrous tissue membranes (intramembranous or membrane bone formation)

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23
Q

Endochondral bone formation

A

The body creates a cartilage “template” that is subsequently replaced by bone

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24
Q

Femur

A

Thigh bone

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25
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone, main part of long bone, consists of compact bone

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26
Q

Secondary growth centers

A

Additional growth centers, develop in the ends of the bone

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27
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of the bone

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28
Q

Areas of a long bone that remains as cartilage when an animal is born:

A

Epiphyseal plates / growth plates

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29
Q

Intramembranous bone formation

A

Bone forms in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the developing fetus. Occurs only in certain skull bones and creates flat bones of the cranium

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30
Q

Callus

A

Healing tissue formed by osteoblasts when a bone is broken, gradually bridges the fracture gap

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31
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than they are wide, most bones of the limbs, has proximal & distal epiphysis

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32
Q

Epiphyseal fractures

A

Fractures through epiphyseal plates, common in young animals

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33
Q

Short bones

A

Shaped like small cubes or marshmallows, consists of a core of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

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34
Q

Distal & proximal epiphysis

A

Consist primarily of light, cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone, located on long bone

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35
Q

Flat bones

A

Relatively thin and flat, structure is like a cancellous bone sandwich that consists of two thin plates of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone

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36
Q

Irregular bone

A

Miscellaneous category, do not fit into the long, short, or flat categories. Either have characteristics of more than one of the other categories, or they have a truly irregular shape

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37
Q

Vertebrae

A

Bones of the spine, irregular bones

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38
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Present in some tendons, where they change direction markedly over the surfaces of joints, irregular bones, resemble sesame seeds

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39
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap, largest sesamoid bone in the animal body

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40
Q

Bone marrow

A

Fills the spaces within bones

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41
Q

2 types of bone marrow:

A

Red and yellow bone marrow

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42
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Hematopoietic tissue, forms blood cells, makes up the majority of the bone marrow if young animals but represents only a small portion in older animals, older animals located at ends of some long bones and the interiors of the pelvic bones and sternum

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43
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Consists primarily of adipose connective tissue, most common type of marrow in adult animals, does not produce blood cells but it can revert to red bone marrow if the body needs to produce larger than normal number of blood cells

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44
Q

Articular surfaces

A

Joint surfaces: smooth areas of compact bone where bone come in contact w each other to form joints

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45
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Smooth thin layer of hyaline cartilage, covers articular surfaces

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46
Q

Condyle

A

Usually a large, round articular surface, somewhat cylindrical shape, major condyles are located at the distal end of the humerus and femur and on the occipital bone of the skull

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47
Q

Head

A

Somewhat spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone, found on the proximal end of the humerus, femur, and ribs

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48
Q

Neck

A

The head of a bone is united with the main shaft portion of the bone by an often narrowed region called the neck

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49
Q

Facet

A

Flat articular surface, found on many bones, such as carpal and tarsal bones, vertebrae, and long bones like radius and ulna

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50
Q

Process

A

Term that includes all the lumps, bumps, and other projections on a bone

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51
Q

Foramen

A

A hole in a bone, usually something important, such as nerve or blood vessel, passes through, but there are exceptions

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52
Q

Fossa

A

A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone, usually occupied by muscles or tendons

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53
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Referred as this because the bones of the head and the trunk are located along the central axis of the body

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54
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consist of bones of the limbs, which are appendages of the trunk

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55
Q

Visceral skeleton

A

These bones are formed in the viscera, or soft organs

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56
Q

Skull

A

Most complex part of the skeleton, in most domestic animals it consists of 37 or 38 separate bones

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57
Q

Sutures

A

Jagged, immovable, fibrous joints, which unite majority of skull bones

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58
Q

Synovial joint

A

Connects the mandible to the rest of the skull

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59
Q

Cranium

A

Portion of the skull that surrounds the brain, has 11 bones

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60
Q

Occipital bone

A

A single bone that forms that caudoventral portion or base of the skull, where the spinal cord exists the skull and it is the skull bone that articulates w the first cervical vertebra

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61
Q

Foramen magnum

A

A large hole in the center of the occipital bone: this is where the spinal cord exits the skull

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62
Q

Occipital condyles

A

Located on either side of the foramen magnum, articular surfaces that join with the first cervical vertebra to form the atlantooccipital joint

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63
Q

Atlas

A

First cervical vertebra

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64
Q

Atlantooccipital joint

A

Joint that connects the head w the neck

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65
Q

Interpartietal bones

A

2 small bones located on the dorsal midline btwn the occipital bone & the parietal bones, usually clearly visible in young animals, in older animals, they may fuse together into one bone, or they may fuse to the parietal bones and become indistinguishable

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66
Q

Parietal bones

A

The two form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium

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67
Q

Temporal bones

A

Located below or ventral to the parietal bones, they from lateral walls of the cranium, they contain the middle and inner ear structures, and they are the skull bones that form the temporomandibular joints with the mandible

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68
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

The bony canal that leads into the middle and inner ear cavities, the only ear structure that is visible from the outside

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69
Q

Frontal bones

A

Form the forehead region of the skull

70
Q

The frontal sinus

A

A large paranasal sinus, contained within the frontal bone

71
Q

The two hidden bones of the cranium:

A

The sphenoid bone and the more rostral ethmoid bone

72
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Forms the ventral part of the cranium and contains a depression

73
Q

Pituitary fossa

A

The depression in the sphenoid bone, houses the pituitary gland

74
Q

Sphenoidal sinus

A

A paranasal sinus present in the sphenoid bone in most animals

75
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

A single bone located rostral to the sphenoid bone

76
Q

Cribriform plate

A

Present in the ethmoid bone, through which the many branches of the olfactory nerve pass from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain

77
Q

Ethmoidal sinus

A

Small paranasal sinus present in the ethmoid bone of horses and humans

78
Q

Ossicles; The 3 tiny bones in the middle ear

A

Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

79
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

80
Q

Function of the ossicles

A

To transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane across the muddle ear cavity to the cochlea

81
Q

Cochlea

A

Inner ear structure, receptor cells for hearing convert the vibrations to nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain as sound

82
Q

Incisive bones

A

2 bones, sometimes called the premaxillary bones, are the most rostral skull bones

83
Q

Nasal bones

A

2 bones forming the bridge of the nose, which is the dorsal part of the nasal cavity

84
Q

Dolichocephalic

A

Long-faced dog breeds

85
Q

Maxillary bones

A

Two bones, make up most of the upper jaw, house all the upper teeth and the maxillary sinuses

86
Q

Hard palate

A

Formed by the maxillary bones, the bony separation btwn the mouth and the nasal cavity or the roof of the mouth

87
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

2 small bones that form part of the medial portion of the orbit of the eye

88
Q

Lacrimal sac

A

Part of the tear drainage system of the eye, located in the lacrimal bones

89
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Also known as the malar bones, two bones forming a portion of the orbit of the eye and join w a process from the temporal bones to form the zygomatic arches on either side of the skull

90
Q

Zygomatic arches

A

Easily palpable, bony landmarks below and behind the eyes that form the widest part of the skull in dogs and cats

91
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw, houses all the lower teeth and is the only movable skull bone

92
Q

Mandibular symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint, unites the separate bones on either side of the mandible at their rostral ends

93
Q

Shaft of the mandible

A

The horizontal portion that houses all the teeth

94
Q

Ramus of the mandilbe

A

Vertical portion of the mandible, at the caudal end of the shaft of the mandible

95
Q

The internal bones of the face:

A

Palatine bones, the pterygoid bones, the vomer bone, and the turbinates

96
Q

Palatine bones

A

Make up the caudal portion of the hard palate, which separates the mouth from the nasal cavity

97
Q

Pterygoid bones

A

Two small bones that support part of the lateral walls of the pharynx

98
Q

Vomer bone

A

Located on the midline of the skull and forms part of the nasal septum

99
Q

Nasal septum

A

The central “wall” btwn the left and right nasal passages

100
Q

Turbinates

A

Also called the nasal conchae, are 4 thin, scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity

101
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Also called the hyoid apparatus, looks somewhat like the letter H w its 2 legs bent back to form a U-shaped structure, located high in the neck, just above the larynx, btwn the caudal ends of the mandible

102
Q

Spinal column

A

Also called the vertebral column, is made up of a series of individual irregular bones called vertebrae that extend from the skull to the tip of the tail

103
Q

The spinal column is divided into 5 regions:

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

104
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Made of fibrocartilage, acts as shock absorbers, separates adjacent vertebrae

105
Q

Spinal canal

A

Long, flexible tunnel, houses and protects spinal cord

106
Q

Spinous process

A

Single, dorsal projection process, act as sites for muscle attachment and provide leverage to move the spine and trunk

107
Q

Transverse processes

A

Two laterally projected processes, act as sites for muscle attachment and provide leverage to move the spine and trunk

108
Q

Articular processes

A

Located on the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebral arches and help form the joints btwn adjacent vertebrae

109
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Located in neck region, nearly all mammals have

110
Q

Atlas

A

First cervical vertebrae, C1, has 2 wing like transverse processes called wings of the atlas

111
Q

Axis

A

Second cervical vertebrae, C2, has large bladelike spinous process that projects up dorsally and the peg like dens that fits into the caudal end of atlas to help form the atlantoaxial joint

112
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Located dorsal to the thorax, the # of thoracic vertebrae is the same as the number of pairs of ribs the animal has

113
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Dorsal to the abdominal region, most massive looking bones of the spinal column

114
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

Fuse to form a single, sold structure called the sacrum

115
Q

Sacrum

A

Located dorsal to the pelvic region and forms a joint w the pelvis on each side in what is called the sacroiliac joint

116
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae

A

The bones of the tail

117
Q

Coccyx

A

Tailbone

118
Q

Costal cartilage

A

Cartilaginous part of the rib

119
Q

Costochondral junction

A

Bony part of rib

120
Q

Sternal ribs

A

The ribs whose cartilages join the sternum and make up the cranial part of the thorax

121
Q

Asternal ribs

A

Ribs that join the adjacent costal cartilage and make up the caudal part of the thorax

122
Q

Floating ribs

A

Unattached ribs, may end in the muscles of the thoracic walls

123
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone, forms the floor of the thorax

124
Q

Sternebrae

A

Series of rodlike bones that make up the sternum

125
Q

Manubrium

A

The first, most cranial sternebra

126
Q

Xiphoid

A

The last, most caudal sternebra

127
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Made up of the bones of the main appendages of the animal body

128
Q

Thoracic limb

A

Front leg

129
Q

Pelvic limb

A

Hind leg

130
Q

Glenoid cavity

A

The socket portion of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint, connected w the main body of the scapula by a narrowed area known as the neck

131
Q

Humerus

A

Long bone of upper arm

132
Q

Brachium

A

Upper arm

133
Q

Antebrachium

A

Forearm

134
Q

2 bones that form the forearm:

A

Ulna and radius

135
Q

Ulna

A

Forms a major portion of the elbow joint w the distal end of the humerus

136
Q

Olecranon process

A

Forms the point of the elbow, where the tendon of the triceps brachii muscle attaches

137
Q

Trochlear notch

A

A half-moon shaped, concave articular surface that wraps around art of the humeral condyle to help make the elbow joint a tight, secure joint

138
Q

Anconeal process

A

A beak-shaped process, located at the proximal end of the trochlear notch

139
Q

Radius

A

The main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium

140
Q

Styloid process

A

Pointed process located at the distal end of radius

141
Q

Carpus

A

Consists of two rows of carpal bones, in humans it’s wrist, in horses knee

142
Q

Metacarpal bones

A

Extend distally from the distal row of carpal bones to the proximal phalanges of the digits, in hums bones of wrist to first knuckle, horses have only one large, dogs/cats have 5

143
Q

Phalanges

A

Individual bones that make up the digits

144
Q

Ungual process

A

Each distal phalanx contains one, surrounds the claw

145
Q

Pelvic sumphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint joining the two halves of the pelvis ventrally

146
Q

Ilium

A

The cranial-most bone of the pelvis, hips

147
Q

Ischium

A

The caudal-most pelvic bone, you sit on it

148
Q

Pubis

A

The smallest of the 3 pelvic bones, located medially and forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor, and the ischium forms the caudal part

149
Q

Acetabulum

A

A deep socket that tightly encloses the head of the femur to form the relatively stable hip joint

150
Q

Obturator foramina

A

2 large holes located on either side of the pelvic symphysis, lightens the pelvis

151
Q

Femur

A

The long bone of the thigh

152
Q

Stifle joint

A

Equivalent to our knee, the shaft of the femur is fairly straight and extends down to the distal end to form this

153
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap, largest sesamoid bone, helps protect tendon

154
Q

Fabellae

A

2 small sesamoid bones located in the proximal gastrocnemius or calf muscle tendons just above and behind the femoral condyles of dogs and cats

155
Q

Tibia

A

The main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

156
Q

Tibial crest

A

Ridge on tibia distal from tibial tuberosity

157
Q

Fibula

A

A thin but complete bone in dogs and cats that parallels the tibia and consists of a proximal extremity, a shaft, and a distal extremity

158
Q

Tarsus

A

Our ankle, in 4-legged animals commonly called hock, consists of 2 rows of short bones known as tarsal bones

159
Q

Calcaneal tuberosity of the fibular tarsal bone

A

Projects upward and backwards to form the point of the hock

160
Q

Metatarsal bones

A

Almost exactly the same as metacarpal bones, bones of our feet

161
Q

Visceral skeleton

A

Consists of bones that fomr in soft organs or viscera

162
Q

Os cordis

A

A bone in the heart of cattle and sheep that helps support valves of the heart

163
Q

Os penis

A

A bone in the penis of dogs, beavers, racoons, and walruses that partially surrounds the penile portion of the urethra

164
Q

Os rostri

A

A bone in the nose of swine that strengthens the snout for rooting behavior of pigs

165
Q

Arthro-

A

Refers to joints

166
Q

3 general classifications of joint in the animal body:

A

Immovable fibrous joints, the slightly movable cartilaginous joints, and the freely movable synovial joints

167
Q

Anatomic term for fibrous joints:

A

Synarthroses

168
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Are immovable in that the nones are firmly united by fibrous tissue

169
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Termed amphiarthroses, capable of only a slight rocking movement

170
Q

Synovial joints

A

Termed diarthroses, freely movable joints, contain a joint cavity, a joint capsule, and ligaments

171
Q
A

Animal A&P1 (3 decks)

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