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Animal A&P1 > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A

One of the largest and most extensive organs in the body. Composed of all four tissues, covers and protects.

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2
Q

Integumentary system

A

Includes the skin, horns, hooves, claws, glands, and hair

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3
Q

Keratin

A

A fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc.

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4
Q

Keratinization

A

Cells expire and in doing so form the vital protective barrier that helps enable an animal’s survival

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5
Q

Vitamin D

A

A group of fat-soluble secosteroids that play a crucial role in increasing the absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate

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6
Q

Epidermis

A

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and forms an outer waterproof shield, avascular (first layer of skin)

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7
Q

Dermis

A

Majority of skin, tough leathery layer made of dense fibroelastic connective tissue, vascular (second layer of skin)

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8
Q

Dermal papillae

A

The downwards folds of the epidermis interdigitate with the upward projections of the dermis, help cement the epidermis and the dermis together

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9
Q

Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

A

A third layer of skin found below the dermis and is composed primarily of adipose tissue

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10
Q

Skin covered with fur usually consists of only three epidermal layers

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum

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11
Q

The stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum

A

Found in mammals without fur and are generally missing in the skin of furred animals

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12
Q

The implantation angle

A

Clusters of hair emerge from beneath scales and are directed away from the opening at an angle, tends to be low in smooth-coated animals and typically higher in longer-haired animals

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13
Q

Tactile elevations

A

Interspersed throughout the surface of the epidermis are knoblike elevations

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14
Q

Tylotrich hairs

A

When slightly moved, or brushed lightly against objects, the tactile elevation perceives the discrete movement and alerts the animal to the presence of a close object

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15
Q

Vibrissae

A

whiskers

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16
Q

Principle cells found in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes (majority), melanocytes, merkel cells, and langerhans cells

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17
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produces a tough, fibrous, waterproof protein called keratin that gives skin its resiliency and strength

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18
Q

Melanocyte

A

Produces pigment found in skin, found in the deepest epidermal layers

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19
Q

Melanin

A

A dark pigment stored in membrane-bound granules called melanosomes

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20
Q

Melanosomes

A

Transported to the tips of the cellular projections, where they are released into the intracellular space and ultimately absorbed by keratinocytes

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21
Q

Langerhans cell

A

A macrophage specific to the epidermis, originates in bone marrow and subsequently migrates to the skin, where it phagocytizes microinvaders and plays an important role in helping stimulate other aspects of the immune system

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22
Q

Merkel cells

A

Can be found in small numbers at the epidermal-dermal junction, where their half-dome shape partners with a half-domed sensory nerve ending

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23
Q

Merkel disc

A

Thought to aid in the sensation of touch

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24
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Deadly form of skin cancer, spreads rapidly to local lymph nodes and is aggressively invasive locally

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25
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum germinativum (stratum basale), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

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26
Q

Stratum germinativum (stratum basale)

A

The deepest layer of the epidermis, consists of a single row of keratinocytes that are firmly attached to the epithelial basement membrane & are actively engaged in cell division

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27
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Second deepest layer, also known as spiny because when the cells of this epidermal layer are fixed for histologic examination, they contract into spiculated masses that resemble sea urchins, consists of several layers of cells that are held together by desmosomes

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28
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Or granular layer, is the middle layer of skin. Composed of 2-4 layers of flattened, diamond-shaped keratinocytes

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29
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Or clear layer, is found in only very thick skin, so most skin lacks this layer. Microscopically appears as a translucent layer composed of a few rows of flattened, dead cells

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30
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Or horny layer, is the outermost layer and dominates the epidermis. Constitutes up to 3/4 of the total epidermal thickness and is composed of 20-30 rows of keratinocytes

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31
Q

Pruritus

A

itchiness

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32
Q

Notoedres

A

The mite most commonly linked to mage in cats, rats, and rabbits

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33
Q

The dermis is composed of two layers:

A

The thin, superficial papillary layer and the thick, deeper reticular layer

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34
Q

The papillary layer

A

Lies just beneath the epithelial layer of the epidermis and is composed of loose connective tissue with loosely woven fibers and ground substance

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35
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

Nerve endings or pain receptors found within the papillary layer, sensitive to light touch

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36
Q

Reticular layer

A

Under the papillary dermis, consists of dense, irregular connective tissue, accounts for 80% of the dermis

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37
Q

Hypodermis

A

A thick layer that resides below the dermis, important bc it permits the skin to move freely over underlying bone and muscle w/o putting tension on the skin

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38
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Type of touch receptor cell present in the hypodermis, sensitive to heavier pressure

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39
Q

Pigmentation

A

Caused by the presence or absence of melanin granules in the armlike extensions of the melanocytes

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40
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Controls the dispersion of the granules in pigmentation

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41
Q

Hypophysis

A

Controls melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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42
Q

Planum nasale

A

The top of the nose in cats, pigs, sheep, and dogs

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43
Q

Planum nasolabiale

A

Frequently referred to the nose in cows and horses and also called muzzle

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44
Q

Ergots and chestnuts

A

Dark, horny structures found on the legs of horses, ponies, and other members of the equine family

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45
Q

Chestnuts

A

Typically dark brown and are found on the inside of each leg at the carpus of the forearm and at the tarsus or hock of the hind leg

46
Q

Ergots

A

Similar to chestnuts but are much smaller and are often overlooked, bc they are usually buried in the long caudal hairs of the fetlock

47
Q

Cutaneous pouches

A

Infoldings of the skin found in sheep (front of eyes, btwn the digits above the hooves, and the groin)

48
Q

Infraorbital pouch

A

Infoldings of the skin found in sheep located in front of the eyes

49
Q

Interdigital pouch

A

Infoldings of the skin found in sheep located btwn the digits above the hooves

50
Q

Inguinal pouches

A

Infoldings of the skin found in sheep located in the groin

51
Q

Hair shaft

A

The part of hair that is visible above the skin

52
Q

Root hair

A

The part of the hair buried within the skin

53
Q

Hair follicle

A

Anchors hair

54
Q

Hair bulb

A

Formed when the deepest part of the hair follicle expands

55
Q

Papilla

A

A mound of dermal cells located at the base of the hair bulb

56
Q

Matrix

A

Rapidly dividing epithelial cells covering the papilla

57
Q

Root hair plexus

A

A web of sensory nerve endings that envelops the hair root

58
Q

Compound follicles

A

Multiple hair strands emerge from a single epidermal orifice, although each strand has its own follicle and bulb

59
Q

Primary hair

A

Also known as guard hair or cover hair in compound follicles, is usually surrounded by shorter secondary hairs

60
Q

Secondary hairs

A

Also called satellite hairs in compound follicles

61
Q

Hair is formed in three concentric layers:

A

Medulla, cortex, and cuticle

62
Q

Medulla

A

The innermost layer and central core in hair

63
Q

Cortex

A

Surrounds the medulla in the formation of hair, stiff and rigid due to being composed of hard keratin

64
Q

Cuticle

A

Forms when a single layer of cells arise from the edge of the papilla in the formation of hair

65
Q

Telogen effluvium

A

When bitches lose a large % of their total hair volume at once after whelping

66
Q

Anagen phase

A

As more cells are added at the base of the root, the hair lengthens

67
Q

Telogen phase

A

When the maximum length of hair is achieved, the hair stops growing, the hair follicle shortens, and the hair is held in a resting phase

68
Q

Catgen phase

A

The period of transition btwn the anagen and telogen phases

69
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Create yellowish and reddish colors in dogs

70
Q

Tyrosine melanin

A

Create brown-black colors in dogs

71
Q

Hair has been categorized into 3 broad groups

A

Primary/guard hairs, secondary/wool-type hairs, and tactile/sinus hairs

72
Q

Primary hairs

A

Generally straight or arched and are thicker and longer than secondary hairs. The dominant hair in a complex hair follicle

73
Q

Tactile hairs

A

Used as probes and feelers. Supplied w sensory endings that make them particularly sensitive to the slightest bending or touch

74
Q

Implantation angle

A

The degree of erection in hair

75
Q

Arrector pili muslce

A

Small smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle and is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, makes animals hair stand when frightened

76
Q

Sebum

A

White semiliquid mixture produced by sebaceous glands when they get too full and rupture

77
Q

Lanolin

A

A substance produced by sebaceous glands in sheep

78
Q

Sweat glands

A

Also called sudoriferous glands and are found over the entire body of most domestic species

79
Q

Two types of sweat glands:

A

Eccrine and apocrine glands

80
Q

Eccrine gland

A

Consists of a simple coiled tube located in the dermis or hypodermis, it is connected to the surface of the skin by a long duct

81
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Have a coiled, excretory portion buried in the dermis or hypodermis w a single excretory duct. Empty into hair follicles rather than onto the surface of the skin

82
Q

Tail gland

A

Most felids (cats and canids (dogs) possess an oval region at the dorsal base of their tails

83
Q

Anal sacs

A

Lined with sebaceous and apocrine glands and acts as a reservoir for the secretions that are produced from these glands

84
Q

Ungula

A

Hoof

85
Q

Ungulates

A

Hoofed animals

86
Q

Corium

A

Both claws and hooves rest on underlying sensitive tissue

87
Q

There are 5 types of corium in the equine foot:

A

Laminar, perioplic, coronary, sole, and frog

88
Q

Laminar corium

A

Consists of primary and secondary lamina and is located btwn the hoof wall and the third phalanx, provides nutrients to the stratum internum

89
Q

Laminitis

A

Serious condition in horses in which the laminar corium becomes inflamed

90
Q

Perioplic corium

A

Located in the perioplic sulcus and supplies nutrients to the overlaying periople

91
Q

Coronary corium

A

Found in the coronary sulcus and supplies nutrients to the stratum externum and stratum medium

92
Q

Sole corium

A

Located superior to the sole and provides nutrients to the sole

93
Q

Frog corium

A

Located superior to the frog and provides nutrients to the frog

94
Q

Coronary band

A

The hoof grows from this downwardly

95
Q

The skeletal foot of the horse includes:

A

distal part of
the second phalanx; the distal sesamoid bone, which is called the navicular bone; and the entire third phalanx, which is commonly known as the coffin bone

96
Q

Laminae

A

The hoof and the corium form an elaborate array of interdigitations

97
Q

Hoof wall

A

The laminae consist of primary and secondary extensions, which increase the contact area between the corium and this

98
Q

The wall of the hoof is divided into 3 regions:

A

The toe (front of foot), the quarters (lateral aspects), and the heels (tapers downward and wraps around back of foot)

99
Q

Horn tubes

A

Miniature vertical lines evident running from the coronary band to the ground

100
Q

Sole

A

The plantar or palmar surface of the hoof, it is concave and fills the space bordered by the wall and the bars

101
Q

Angle

A

The part of the sole that immediately surrounds the bars

102
Q

White line

A

A thin strip formed at the junction of the sole and the hoof wall

103
Q

Frog

A

Insensitive, triangular, horny structure located btwn the heels on the underside of the hoof

104
Q

Central sulcus

A

A central depression which divides the frog

105
Q

Collateral sulcus

A

The frog is separated from the bars on the lateral and medial sides by a deep, concave region

106
Q

Digital cushion

A

A thick pad of fat and fibrous tissue, which lies beneath the sensitive frog

107
Q

Lateral cartilages

A

Two large bands of cartilage extended proximally from the distal phalanx and form an important structural support for the equine foot

108
Q

Horns

A

Like hooves, are epidermal in origin and are structurally similar to hair, composed of horny keratin

109
Q

Polled breeds

A

Domestic animals that have been bred to be horn free

110
Q
A

Animal A&P1 (3 decks)

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