Intro To A&P / Tissues Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of the form and structure of the animal body and relationships among its parts
Physiology
The study of how the body functions
Microscopic Anatomy
Refers to the study of cells and tissues that require a microscope to see, also referred to as histology
Macroscopic anatomy
Refers to the study of structures that can be seen without a microscope, also referred to as gross anatomy
Regional approach
Involves the study of all structures and their functions in a specific area of the bodu
Systemic anatomy
Refers to the study of structures and functions within specific body systems
Planes of reference
These planes are positioned in reference to the body’s long axis, the spine.
Cranial
Closer to the head
Rostral
Refers to parts of the heads that are closer to the tip of the nose
Medial
Refers to a position closer to the median plane (spine)
Proximal
Used to describe a position on an extremity
Distal
Used to describe a position on an extremity
Symmetry
Refers to balance in the distribution of body parts
Bilateral Symmetry
Left and right halves are approximate mirror images of each other
Radial Symmetry
The axis of symmetry is around a central plane (starfish)
Dorsal Body Cavity
Contains the central nervous system, is divided into a cranial and spinal cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Subdivided into the thorax and abdomen cavity
Sagittal Planes
Divide the body into left and right parts
Median Planes
Divides the body down the center into equal left and right halves
Transverse Planes
Divides the body into two sections- one containing the head and the other the tail
Dorsal Plane
Perpendicular to the median plane, divides the body into two parts, one containing the belly and the other the back.
Dorsal
Closer to the back or spine
Caudal
Closer to the tail or rear
Ventral
Closest to the ground
Plantar
Describes the surface that touches the ground on the rear limbs
Palmar
Describes the surface that touches the ground on the front limbs
Lateral
Means farther away from the middle or median plane
Medial
Closer to the middle or median plane
Proximal
Refers to the point nearest to the central axis or the main portion of the body
Distal
Farther out from the main portion of the body
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body or the body part
Orad
Refers to the movement within the GI system in the direction of the mouth
Aborad
Refers to the movement within the GI system in the direction away from the mouth
Taxonomy
The systemic classification and naming of organisms
Major taxonomic categories
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Chordata
subphylum Vertebrata (animals w backbones)
Diaphragm
Separates the abdominal and chest cavity
5 orders mammals belong to
Carnivora, artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Rodentia, Lagomorpha
Carnivora order
Includes meat eaters
Artiodactyla order
Includes the even-toed hoofed mammals (pigs, cows, sheep, and goats)
Perissodactyla order
Includes the odd-toed hoofed animals (horses)
Rodentia order
Includes rats, mice, hamsters, and squirrels
Lagomorpha order
Includes rabbits and hares
Cell
Most basic structure of life
Tissue
Groups of similar cells that serve a common function
Organs
Composed of groups of tissues that have a common function and work together
Organ system
Made up of groups of organs w related functions that interact
Myocytes
Muscle cells
Enterocytes
Cells inside the intestinal tract
Histology
The branch of anatomy that deals w the microscopic structure and composition of tissues
Histopathology
The study of both healthy and diseased tissues
The 4 types of tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Function to bind and support the organism and its body systems. Vascularized and is made of ground substance, extracellular fibers, and cells
Complementary
Each tissue helps the other carry out their tasks
Dynamic equilibrium
The internal conditions can vary somewhat, but only within the margins set by the body
Intracellular fluid
Water present within cells (majority of water in an animal)
Extracellular fluid
Water found outside of cells
Interstitial fluid
Extracellular fluid located within tissues
Osmolality
The solute concentration in a fluid
Crystalloids
Containing water and electrolytes
Colloids
Crystalloids with large, heavy molecules
Isoltonic
Those with osmolality similar to blood
Hypertonic
Those with osmolality greater than blood
Hypotonic
Those with osmolality lower than blood
Epithelial tissue
Consists of sheets of cells that cover all the internal and external surfaces of the body and line all the body’s cavities.
Functions of epithelial tissues
Protection, filtration, absorption, sensation, secretion, excretion
Apical surface (epithelial ell)
Faces the lumen or body cavity
Basal surface (epithelial cell)
Faces the underlying connective tissue
Avascular
Lacking blood vessels or capillaries
Cell junctions
The junctional attachments that connect epithelial cells
Tight Junctions
Type of cellular attachment that prevents substances from leaking across the tissue
Desmosomes
Type of cellular attachment that cements neighboring cells together
Gap junctions
Type of cellular attachment which are open channels btwn the cytoplasm of adjoining cells
Microvilli
Finger like projections that serve to increase the surface area of the cell and enhance the cell’s ability to absorb or secrete
Cilia
Hairlike projections that are common on epithelial cells, that serve to aid in the transport of materials
Shapes of epithelial cells
Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
Simple epithelium
Single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium
Multiple layers of epithelial cells
Ground substance that’s apart of connective tissue
Can be liquid, gel or solid. Protects the cells found in the tissue, is the medium through which nutrients and waste are exchanged with the bloodstream, and can act as a barrier against invading microorganisms
Extracellular fibers
Found in connective tissue include collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers
Loose connective tissue
Includes areolar, adipose, and reticular tissue
Dense connective tissue
includes dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic tissue
Fixed cells
Remain in connective tissue and include fibroblasts, fat cells, and reticular cells
Transient cells
Wander in and out of connective tissue as needed, includes white blood cells, mast cells, ad macrophages
Adipose tissue
Store fat and have a wide distribution in organisms
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells that make up most of the respiratory passages and is also found in ears
Osteocytes
Bones cells that form the skeleton of an organism
Mucous membranes
Line the organs of the reproductive, urinary, and respiratory tracts, and functions to reduce friction in the digestive system and entrap particles in the respiratory system
Serous membranes
Line organs within the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
Cutaneous membranes
Referred to as the integument, which is an organ system
Synovial membranes
Line the joint cavities and are composed only of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
Muscle Tissue
Consists of specialized cells that can shorten to produce movement when stimulated
Smooth muslce
A type of muscle tissue that composes the walls of the digestive tract, and contracts involuntarily in response to specific stimuli from the nervous system
Skeletal muscle
Type of muscle tissue that attaches to bones and is under voluntary control
Cardiac muscle
Type of muscle tissue that is unique to the heart and allows for the contraction and relaxation of heart tissue that provides for the flow of blood through and organism
Nervous tissue
Contains specialized cells that can conduct electrical impulses
Neuron
The cellular subunit of nervous tissue, composed of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites
Inflammation
The first series of events that occurs when and body tissue is injured
Vasoconstriction
When tissues are initially injured the body responds with a brief period of this
Vasodialation
Occurs after vasoconstriction (3rd in healing and repair) when a body tissue is injured
Granulation tissue
When the wound edges separate from one another, granulation tissue forms over the injured areas. Composed of collagen fibers permeated with many cappilaries
First-intension healing
Minor wounds are closed with this process; granulation tissue isn’t formed, and the wound edges heal quickly because they’re closed
Second-intension healing
Formation of granulation tissue because the wound edges didn’t come together to close together
Gross
Structures seen within the naked eye
Connexons
Cells that are connected by gap junctions are linked by tubular channel proteins
Simple squamous epithelium
Delicate and thin, smooth and flat, found lining surfaces involved in passage of either gas or liquid
Mesothelium
A layer of cells that lines the body cavities of the fetus and that covers the serous membranes in adult animals
Endothelium
Derived from mesothelium, the endothelium is composed of simple squamous epithelium. It lines the hear
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
An epithelial layer that is not truly stratified. The epithelial cells appear to be stratified because the nuclei are found at different levels across the length of the tissue layer. However, not all of the cells reach the luminal surface, so cells appear to be at different levels as though stratified.
Transitional epithelium
In addition to its ability to stretch, it forms a leak-proof membrane that prevents the diffusion of potentially scalding urine into the delicate environment of the abdominal cavity
Glands are classified by:
Presence/absence of ducts, number of cells that compose them, shape of secreting ducts, complexity of glandular structure type of secretion produced, manner in which secretion is stored and discharged
Endocrine glands
Have no ducts or tubules, produce and secrete hormones into bloodstream or lymphatic system
Unicellular exocrine glands
Only example is the ductless goblet cell, found among columnar cells of respiratory and digestive tracts, and in the conjunctiva of the eye
Examples of exocrine glands
Hepatoid, musk, sweat, salivary, liver, and pancreas glands
Goblet cell
composed of modified columnar epithelia, secretes mucin
Multicellular exocrine glands
Composed of a secretory unit and a duct
Secretory unit
Usually surrounded by connective tissue rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers
Rate of secretion production for multicellular exocrine glands
Controlled by hormones and nervous influences
Simple ducts (exocrine glands)
Main duct is unbranched
Compound ducts (exocrine glands)
Main duct is branched
Shapes of secretory portions
Tubular (long channel of even width, alveolar/acinar (rounded sac), tubuloaveolar/tubuloacinar (mix of both qualitites)
Merocrine gland
secretor cells remain intact, secretions packaged and released via exocytosis as manufactured
Apocrine gland
Glands store their secretions, top part of the cell is released into the duct system
Holocrine gland
Glands store their secretions; entire cell is destroyed in the act of releasing its product
Serous secretion
Watery, high concentration of enzymes
Mucous secretion
Thick, viscous, composed of glycoproteins
Mixed exocrine glands secretions
Both serous and mucous components
Loose connective tissue
Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular tissue
Dense connective tissue
Dense regular tissue, dense irregular tissue, and elastic tissue
Areolar tissue
Tangle of random fibers and cells suspended in thick ground substance, predominant cell is fibroblast
Functions of areolar tissue
Surrounds and supports, provides nutrients, present in all mucous membranes
Functions of adipose tissue
Energy storehouse, thermal insulator, mechanical shock absorber
Hyaline cartilage
Most common and most rigid, composed of closely packed collagen fibers and enclosed with a perichondrium
White adipose
Found throughout the body, particularly in the deep layers of the skin
Brown adipose tissue
Found in newborn animals and
in animals that hibernate during the winter
Systemic approach
Refers to the study of structures and functions within specific body systems
Regional approach
Involves the study of all the structures and their functions in a specific area of the body
