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Animal A&P1 > Intro To A&P / Tissues > Flashcards

Intro To A&P / Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the form and structure of the animal body and relationships among its parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how the body functions

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Refers to the study of cells and tissues that require a microscope to see, also referred to as histology

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4
Q

Macroscopic anatomy

A

Refers to the study of structures that can be seen without a microscope, also referred to as gross anatomy

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5
Q

Regional approach

A

Involves the study of all structures and their functions in a specific area of the bodu

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6
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Refers to the study of structures and functions within specific body systems

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7
Q

Planes of reference

A

These planes are positioned in reference to the body’s long axis, the spine.

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8
Q

Cranial

A

Closer to the head

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9
Q

Rostral

A

Refers to parts of the heads that are closer to the tip of the nose

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10
Q

Medial

A

Refers to a position closer to the median plane (spine)

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11
Q

Proximal

A

Used to describe a position on an extremity

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12
Q

Distal

A

Used to describe a position on an extremity

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13
Q

Symmetry

A

Refers to balance in the distribution of body parts

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14
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Left and right halves are approximate mirror images of each other

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15
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

The axis of symmetry is around a central plane (starfish)

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16
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Contains the central nervous system, is divided into a cranial and spinal cavity

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17
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Subdivided into the thorax and abdomen cavity

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18
Q

Sagittal Planes

A

Divide the body into left and right parts

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19
Q

Median Planes

A

Divides the body down the center into equal left and right halves

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20
Q

Transverse Planes

A

Divides the body into two sections- one containing the head and the other the tail

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21
Q

Dorsal Plane

A

Perpendicular to the median plane, divides the body into two parts, one containing the belly and the other the back.

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22
Q

Dorsal

A

Closer to the back or spine

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23
Q

Caudal

A

Closer to the tail or rear

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24
Q

Ventral

A

Closest to the ground

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25
Q

Plantar

A

Describes the surface that touches the ground on the rear limbs

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26
Q

Palmar

A

Describes the surface that touches the ground on the front limbs

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27
Q

Lateral

A

Means farther away from the middle or median plane

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28
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the middle or median plane

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29
Q

Proximal

A

Refers to the point nearest to the central axis or the main portion of the body

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30
Q

Distal

A

Farther out from the main portion of the body

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31
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the surface of the body or the body part

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32
Q

Orad

A

Refers to the movement within the GI system in the direction of the mouth

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33
Q

Aborad

A

Refers to the movement within the GI system in the direction away from the mouth

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34
Q

Taxonomy

A

The systemic classification and naming of organisms

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35
Q

Major taxonomic categories

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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36
Q

Chordata

A

subphylum Vertebrata (animals w backbones)

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37
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates the abdominal and chest cavity

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38
Q

5 orders mammals belong to

A

Carnivora, artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Rodentia, Lagomorpha

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39
Q

Carnivora order

A

Includes meat eaters

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40
Q

Artiodactyla order

A

Includes the even-toed hoofed mammals (pigs, cows, sheep, and goats)

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41
Q

Perissodactyla order

A

Includes the odd-toed hoofed animals (horses)

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42
Q

Rodentia order

A

Includes rats, mice, hamsters, and squirrels

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43
Q

Lagomorpha order

A

Includes rabbits and hares

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44
Q

Cell

A

Most basic structure of life

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45
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of similar cells that serve a common function

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46
Q

Organs

A

Composed of groups of tissues that have a common function and work together

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47
Q

Organ system

A

Made up of groups of organs w related functions that interact

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48
Q

Myocytes

A

Muscle cells

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49
Q

Enterocytes

A

Cells inside the intestinal tract

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50
Q

Histology

A

The branch of anatomy that deals w the microscopic structure and composition of tissues

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51
Q

Histopathology

A

The study of both healthy and diseased tissues

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52
Q

The 4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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53
Q

Connective tissue

A

Function to bind and support the organism and its body systems. Vascularized and is made of ground substance, extracellular fibers, and cells

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54
Q

Complementary

A

Each tissue helps the other carry out their tasks

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55
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

The internal conditions can vary somewhat, but only within the margins set by the body

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56
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Water present within cells (majority of water in an animal)

57
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Water found outside of cells

58
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Extracellular fluid located within tissues

59
Q

Osmolality

A

The solute concentration in a fluid

60
Q

Crystalloids

A

Containing water and electrolytes

61
Q

Colloids

A

Crystalloids with large, heavy molecules

62
Q

Isoltonic

A

Those with osmolality similar to blood

63
Q

Hypertonic

A

Those with osmolality greater than blood

64
Q

Hypotonic

A

Those with osmolality lower than blood

65
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Consists of sheets of cells that cover all the internal and external surfaces of the body and line all the body’s cavities.

66
Q

Functions of epithelial tissues

A

Protection, filtration, absorption, sensation, secretion, excretion

67
Q

Apical surface (epithelial ell)

A

Faces the lumen or body cavity

68
Q

Basal surface (epithelial cell)

A

Faces the underlying connective tissue

69
Q

Avascular

A

Lacking blood vessels or capillaries

70
Q

Cell junctions

A

The junctional attachments that connect epithelial cells

71
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Type of cellular attachment that prevents substances from leaking across the tissue

72
Q

Desmosomes

A

Type of cellular attachment that cements neighboring cells together

73
Q

Gap junctions

A

Type of cellular attachment which are open channels btwn the cytoplasm of adjoining cells

74
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like projections that serve to increase the surface area of the cell and enhance the cell’s ability to absorb or secrete

75
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike projections that are common on epithelial cells, that serve to aid in the transport of materials

76
Q

Shapes of epithelial cells

A

Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

77
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single layer of cells

78
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Multiple layers of epithelial cells

79
Q

Ground substance that’s apart of connective tissue

A

Can be liquid, gel or solid. Protects the cells found in the tissue, is the medium through which nutrients and waste are exchanged with the bloodstream, and can act as a barrier against invading microorganisms

80
Q

Extracellular fibers

A

Found in connective tissue include collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers

81
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Includes areolar, adipose, and reticular tissue

82
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

includes dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic tissue

83
Q

Fixed cells

A

Remain in connective tissue and include fibroblasts, fat cells, and reticular cells

84
Q

Transient cells

A

Wander in and out of connective tissue as needed, includes white blood cells, mast cells, ad macrophages

85
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Store fat and have a wide distribution in organisms

86
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells that make up most of the respiratory passages and is also found in ears

87
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bones cells that form the skeleton of an organism

88
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line the organs of the reproductive, urinary, and respiratory tracts, and functions to reduce friction in the digestive system and entrap particles in the respiratory system

89
Q

Serous membranes

A

Line organs within the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

90
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

Referred to as the integument, which is an organ system

91
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Line the joint cavities and are composed only of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

92
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Consists of specialized cells that can shorten to produce movement when stimulated

93
Q

Smooth muslce

A

A type of muscle tissue that composes the walls of the digestive tract, and contracts involuntarily in response to specific stimuli from the nervous system

94
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Type of muscle tissue that attaches to bones and is under voluntary control

95
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Type of muscle tissue that is unique to the heart and allows for the contraction and relaxation of heart tissue that provides for the flow of blood through and organism

96
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Contains specialized cells that can conduct electrical impulses

97
Q

Neuron

A

The cellular subunit of nervous tissue, composed of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites

98
Q

Inflammation

A

The first series of events that occurs when and body tissue is injured

99
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

When tissues are initially injured the body responds with a brief period of this

100
Q

Vasodialation

A

Occurs after vasoconstriction (3rd in healing and repair) when a body tissue is injured

101
Q

Granulation tissue

A

When the wound edges separate from one another, granulation tissue forms over the injured areas. Composed of collagen fibers permeated with many cappilaries

102
Q

First-intension healing

A

Minor wounds are closed with this process; granulation tissue isn’t formed, and the wound edges heal quickly because they’re closed

103
Q

Second-intension healing

A

Formation of granulation tissue because the wound edges didn’t come together to close together

104
Q

Gross

A

Structures seen within the naked eye

105
Q

Connexons

A

Cells that are connected by gap junctions are linked by tubular channel proteins

106
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Delicate and thin, smooth and flat, found lining surfaces involved in passage of either gas or liquid

107
Q

Mesothelium

A

A layer of cells that lines the body cavities of the fetus and that covers the serous membranes in adult animals

108
Q

Endothelium

A

Derived from mesothelium, the endothelium is composed of simple squamous epithelium. It lines the hear

109
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

An epithelial layer that is not truly stratified. The epithelial cells appear to be stratified because the nuclei are found at different levels across the length of the tissue layer. However, not all of the cells reach the luminal surface, so cells appear to be at different levels as though stratified.

110
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

In addition to its ability to stretch, it forms a leak-proof membrane that prevents the diffusion of potentially scalding urine into the delicate environment of the abdominal cavity

111
Q

Glands are classified by:

A

Presence/absence of ducts, number of cells that compose them, shape of secreting ducts, complexity of glandular structure type of secretion produced, manner in which secretion is stored and discharged

112
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Have no ducts or tubules, produce and secrete hormones into bloodstream or lymphatic system

113
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

Only example is the ductless goblet cell, found among columnar cells of respiratory and digestive tracts, and in the conjunctiva of the eye

114
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

Hepatoid, musk, sweat, salivary, liver, and pancreas glands

115
Q

Goblet cell

A

composed of modified columnar epithelia, secretes mucin

116
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A

Composed of a secretory unit and a duct

117
Q

Secretory unit

A

Usually surrounded by connective tissue rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers

118
Q

Rate of secretion production for multicellular exocrine glands

A

Controlled by hormones and nervous influences

119
Q

Simple ducts (exocrine glands)

A

Main duct is unbranched

120
Q

Compound ducts (exocrine glands)

A

Main duct is branched

121
Q

Shapes of secretory portions

A

Tubular (long channel of even width, alveolar/acinar (rounded sac), tubuloaveolar/tubuloacinar (mix of both qualitites)

122
Q

Merocrine gland

A

secretor cells remain intact, secretions packaged and released via exocytosis as manufactured

123
Q

Apocrine gland

A

Glands store their secretions, top part of the cell is released into the duct system

124
Q

Holocrine gland

A

Glands store their secretions; entire cell is destroyed in the act of releasing its product

125
Q

Serous secretion

A

Watery, high concentration of enzymes

126
Q

Mucous secretion

A

Thick, viscous, composed of glycoproteins

127
Q

Mixed exocrine glands secretions

A

Both serous and mucous components

128
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular tissue

129
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular tissue, dense irregular tissue, and elastic tissue

130
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Tangle of random fibers and cells suspended in thick ground substance, predominant cell is fibroblast

131
Q

Functions of areolar tissue

A

Surrounds and supports, provides nutrients, present in all mucous membranes

132
Q

Functions of adipose tissue

A

Energy storehouse, thermal insulator, mechanical shock absorber

133
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common and most rigid, composed of closely packed collagen fibers and enclosed with a perichondrium

134
Q

White adipose

A

Found throughout the body, particularly in the deep layers of the skin

135
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Found in newborn animals and
in animals that hibernate during the winter

136
Q

Systemic approach

A

Refers to the study of structures and functions within specific body systems

137
Q

Regional approach

A

Involves the study of all the structures and their functions in a specific area of the body

138
Q
A
139
Q
A

Animal A&P1 (3 decks)

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