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Anatomy > the Skeletal System > Flashcards

the Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Components (of the Skeletal System) :

A
  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments
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2
Q

Functions (of skeletal system) :

A
  • Supports the body
  • Protects soft organs
  • Allows movement
  • Storage of minerals
  • Blood cell formation
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3
Q

Number of bones (Adult)

A

206

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4
Q

Structure of bone (2 types)

A
  1. Spongy bone (inside/middle)
  2. Compact bone (surrounding)
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5
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of the long bone
-compact bone

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6
Q

Epiphysis

A

Mostly spongy bone
- top and bottom (like the head?)

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7
Q

Epiphyseal line

A
  • Remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
  • Line separating head? (there’s no spongy bone)
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8
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses (hyaline cartilage) and decreases friction

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9
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Outside covering of the diaphysis
  • Fibrous connective tissue
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10
Q

Medullary cavity (+ what does it contain)

A
  • Cavity inside the shaft
  • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
  • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants until age 6 or 7
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11
Q

Trabeculae

A

Lines that compose the open spaces filled by marrow, blood vessels, and nerves (microscopic anatomy of bone)

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12
Q

Osteon (Haversian system)

A

A unit of bone

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13
Q

Central (Haversian) canal

A
  • Opening in the center of an osteon
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
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14
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

A
  • Canal perpendicular to central canal
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
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15
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities containing bone
cells (osteocytes)

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16
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of lacunae

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17
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals
- Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
- Transport system for nutrients

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-destroying cells (stimulated by parathyroid hormone)

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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells (stimulated by calcitonin)

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

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21
Q

Epiphyseal plates (and how they work)

A
  • Allow for growth of long bones during childhood
  • New cartilage is continuously formed
  • Older cartilage becomes ossified
22
Q

Types of bone fractures (2) :

A
  • Closed (simple) fracture
  • Open (compound) fracture
23
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

break that does not penetrate the skin

24
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A

Broken bone that penetrates through the skin

25
Q

Fracture repair (4 stages)

A
  • Treated by reduction and immobilization
  • Healing time is 6–8 weeks
  • Four stages:
    1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
    2. Break is splinted by formation of a fibrocartilage callus
    3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
    4. Bone remodeling forms a permanent patch
26
Q

Sets of bones that form the skull (2) :

A
  • bones are joined by sutures
    1. Cranium (8)
    2. Facial bones (14)
27
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

(4: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Maxillary)
- Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
- Lighten the skull & amplify sound

28
Q

Hyoid bone

A
  • Only bone that does not articulate with another bone
  • Movable base for the tongue
  • Aids in swallowing and speech
29
Q

(The Fetal Skull) Fontanels (soft spots)

A

allow for compression of skull during childbirth, as well as rapid growth of the brain. (Persist until 22-24 months.)

30
Q

Vertebral column (consists of: )

A
  • Spine
  • 7 cervical - neck
  • 12 thoracic - chest region
  • 5 lumbar - lower back
  • Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
  • Coccyx (tailbone)
  • 26 separated by intervertebral disks
31
Q

Transverse foramen

A

Openings for vertebral arteries (on cervical vertebrae)

32
Q

Sacrum

A
  • Formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae
  • Sacral hiatus = end of vertebral canal
  • Articulates with hip bones = sacroiliac joints
33
Q

Thoracic Cage (bony thorax)

A
  • Protects organs of the thoracic cavity
  • Consists of three parts
    1. Sternum
    2. Ribs
  • True ribs (pairs 1–7)
  • False ribs (pairs 8–12)
  • Floating ribs (pairs 11–12)
    3. Thoracic vertebrae
34
Q

Appendicular system

A
  • Composed of 126 bones
  • Appendages
  • Pectoral girdle
  • Pelvic girdle
35
Q

Shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)

A
  • Composed of two bones that attach the upper limb to the axial skeletal
    1. Clavicle
    2. Scapula
  • Light, poorly reinforced girdle
  • Allows for exceptional flexibility
36
Q

Humerus

A
  • Forms the upper arm
  • Single bone
37
Q

Carpals—wrist bones

A

8 bones

38
Q

Metacarpals—palm bones

A
  • 5 bones
  • numbered 1-5 (from thumb)
39
Q

Phalanges—fingers and thumb

A
  • 14 phalanges
  • In each finger, there are 3
  • In the thumb, there are only 2
  • Distal, Middle, Proximal
  • Numbered 1-5 from thumb
40
Q

Pelvic girdle (intro/characteristics + function)

A

The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Pelvis protects several organs:
* Reproductive organs
* Urinary bladder
* Part of the large intestine

41
Q

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

A

Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones
- Composed of three pairs of fused bones
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis

42
Q

Pelvic spine

A

Sacrum and coccyx

43
Q

Pelvis

A

Coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx

44
Q

Femur- thigh bone

A

The heaviest and strongest bone in the body

45
Q

Patella- kneecap

A
  • a sesamoid bone that protects the knee joint
  • sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form within tendons
46
Q

Joints

A
  • Articulations points between bones
  • Hold bones together
  • Allow for mobility
47
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • generally immovable
  • bones are united by fibrous tissue
  • e.g. cranial sutures
48
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • immovable or slightly movable
  • bones are connected by fibrocartilage
  • e.g. intervertebral joints
49
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • freely movable
  • bones are separated by synovial fluid
  • e.g. articular cartilage; ligaments; bursae (flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and fluid)
50
Q

Synovial membrane

A

membrane containing synovial fluid, in synovial joints

Anatomy (4 decks)

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