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the Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Components (of the Skeletal System) :

A
  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments
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2
Q

Functions (of skeletal system) :

A
  • Supports the body
  • Protects soft organs
  • Allows movement
  • Storage of minerals
  • Blood cell formation
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3
Q

Number of bones (Adult)

A

206

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4
Q

Structure of bone (2 types)

A
  1. Spongy bone (inside/middle)
  2. Compact bone (surrounding)
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5
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of the long bone
-compact bone

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6
Q

Epiphysis

A

Mostly spongy bone
- top and bottom (like the head?)

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7
Q

Epiphyseal line

A
  • Remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
  • Line separating head? (there’s no spongy bone)
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8
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses (hyaline cartilage) and decreases friction

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9
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Outside covering of the diaphysis
  • Fibrous connective tissue
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10
Q

Medullary cavity (+ what does it contain)

A
  • Cavity inside the shaft
  • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
  • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants until age 6 or 7
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11
Q

Trabeculae

A

Lines that compose the open spaces filled by marrow, blood vessels, and nerves (microscopic anatomy of bone)

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12
Q

Osteon (Haversian system)

A

A unit of bone

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13
Q

Central (Haversian) canal

A
  • Opening in the center of an osteon
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
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14
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

A
  • Canal perpendicular to central canal
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
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15
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities containing bone
cells (osteocytes)

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16
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of lacunae

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17
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals
- Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
- Transport system for nutrients

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-destroying cells (stimulated by parathyroid hormone)

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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells (stimulated by calcitonin)

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

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21
Q

Epiphyseal plates (and how they work)

A
  • Allow for growth of long bones during childhood
  • New cartilage is continuously formed
  • Older cartilage becomes ossified
22
Q

Types of bone fractures (2) :

A
  • Closed (simple) fracture
  • Open (compound) fracture
23
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

break that does not penetrate the skin

24
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A

Broken bone that penetrates through the skin

25
Fracture repair (4 stages)
- Treated by reduction and immobilization - Healing time is 6–8 weeks - Four stages: 1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed 2. Break is splinted by formation of a fibrocartilage callus 3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus 4. Bone remodeling forms a permanent patch
26
Sets of bones that form the skull (2) :
- bones are joined by sutures 1. Cranium (8) 2. Facial bones (14)
27
Paranasal sinuses
(4: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Maxillary) - Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity - Lighten the skull & amplify sound
28
Hyoid bone
- Only bone that does not articulate with another bone - Movable base for the tongue - Aids in swallowing and speech
29
(The Fetal Skull) Fontanels (soft spots)
allow for compression of skull during childbirth, as well as rapid growth of the brain. (Persist until 22-24 months.)
30
Vertebral column (consists of: )
- Spine * 7 cervical - neck * 12 thoracic - chest region * 5 lumbar - lower back * Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) * Coccyx (tailbone) - 26 separated by intervertebral disks
31
Transverse foramen
Openings for vertebral arteries (on cervical vertebrae)
32
Sacrum
- Formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae - Sacral hiatus = end of vertebral canal - Articulates with hip bones = sacroiliac joints
33
Thoracic Cage (bony thorax)
- Protects organs of the thoracic cavity - Consists of three parts 1. Sternum 2. Ribs - True ribs (pairs 1–7) - False ribs (pairs 8–12) - Floating ribs (pairs 11–12) 3. Thoracic vertebrae
34
Appendicular system
- Composed of 126 bones - Appendages - Pectoral girdle - Pelvic girdle
35
Shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)
- Composed of two bones that attach the upper limb to the axial skeletal 1. Clavicle 2. Scapula - Light, poorly reinforced girdle - Allows for exceptional flexibility
36
Humerus
- Forms the upper arm - Single bone
37
Carpals—wrist bones
8 bones
38
Metacarpals—palm bones
- 5 bones - numbered 1-5 (from thumb)
39
Phalanges—fingers and thumb
- 14 phalanges - In each finger, there are 3 - In the thumb, there are only 2 - Distal, Middle, Proximal - Numbered 1-5 from thumb
40
Pelvic girdle (intro/characteristics + function)
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Pelvis protects several organs: * Reproductive organs * Urinary bladder * Part of the large intestine
41
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones - Composed of three pairs of fused bones 1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis
42
Pelvic spine
Sacrum and coccyx
43
Pelvis
Coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx
44
Femur- thigh bone
The heaviest and strongest bone in the body
45
Patella- kneecap
- a sesamoid bone that protects the knee joint - sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form within tendons
46
Joints
- Articulations points between bones - Hold bones together - Allow for mobility
47
Fibrous joints
- generally immovable - bones are united by fibrous tissue - e.g. cranial sutures
48
Cartilaginous Joints
- immovable or slightly movable - bones are connected by fibrocartilage - e.g. intervertebral joints
49
Synovial joints
- freely movable - bones are separated by synovial fluid - e.g. articular cartilage; ligaments; bursae (flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and fluid)
50
Synovial membrane
membrane containing synovial fluid, in synovial joints

Anatomy (4 decks)

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