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Anatomy > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Flexion

A

Decreases the angle of the joint (forward)

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2
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle between two bones

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3
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

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4
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline

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5
Q

Adduction

A

movement of a limb toward the midline

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6
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Lifting the foot toward the shin (flexing toes/foot)

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7
Q

Plantar flexion

A

depressing/extending the foot (pointing)

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8
Q

Inversion

A

Turning sole of foot medially (turn in)

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9
Q

Eversion

A

Turning sole of foot laterally (turn out)

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10
Q

Supination

A

forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anterior

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11
Q

Pronation

A

forearm rotates medially so palm faces posterior (palm facing back)

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12
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

-non-striated
-involuntary
-visceral (internal organs)
-contractions are slow and sustained

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13
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

“Muscular system” refers to
-attach to bones by tendons
-multinucleated
-skeletal (bones)
-voluntary
-striated

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14
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

-striated
-involuntary
-cardiac (heart)
-cells connected by intercalated disks

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15
Q

Muscle fiber

A

a single muscle cell

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16
Q

Fascicle

A

a bundle of muscle fibers

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17
Q

Tendon

A

-attach muscles to bones
-mostly collagen fibers
-often cross a joint because of their toughness and small size

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18
Q

Endomysuim

A

-connective tissue
-encloses a single muscle fiber

19
Q

Epimysium

A

-connective tissue
-covers the entire skeletal muscle

20
Q

Perimysium

A

-connective tissue
-wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers

21
Q

Skeletal muscle functions (4)

A

-produce movement (all muscle types)
-maintain posture
-stabilize joints
-generate heat

22
Q

Sarcolemma

A

specialized plasma membrane

23
Q

Myofibrils

A

long organelles inside a muscle cell
- light (i) bands and dark (a) bands produce striations

24
Q

I Band

A

Light band
- contains only thin actin filaments
- Z disc provides anchor for thin filaments

25
Q

A Band

A

Dark band
- contains think myosin filaments

26
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Specialized Smooth ER
- surrounds myofibrils
- stores and releases calcium

27
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

28
Q

Five Golden Rules of Muscle Contraction (#1)

A
  1. With a few exceptions, all skeletal muscles cross at least one joint
29
Q

Five Golden Rules of Muscle Contraction (#2)

A
  1. Typically, the bulk of a skeletal muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed
30
Q

Five Golden Rules of Muscle Contraction (#3)

A
  1. All skeletal muscles have at least two attachments: the origin and the insertion
31
Q

Five Golden Rules of Muscle Contraction (#4)

A
  1. Skeletal muscles can only pull; they never push
32
Q

Five Golden Rules of Muscle Contraction (#5)

A
  1. During contraction, a skeletal muscle insertion moves toward the origin
33
Q

Origin

A

Attachment to an immovable or less movable bone
*movement always occurs from the insertion point toward the origin

34
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment to a movable bone
*movement always occurs from the insertion point toward the origin

35
Q

Prime Mover

A

Muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

36
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes or reverses prime mover

37
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle that aids a prime mover

38
Q

Fixator

A

Specialized synergists that hold a bone still

39
Q

Motor Neutron

A

Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor neuron to contract

40
Q

Motor unit

A

One (motor) neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

41
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Site at which an axon terminal and sarcolemma of the muscle fiber meet
- synaptic cleft

42
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The fluid-filled space at a synapse between neutrons

43
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released from synaptic vesicles
- stimulates the muscle fibers

44
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

The neurotransmitter that stimulates the muscle fibers

Anatomy (4 decks)

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