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Anatomy and Physiology > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the skeletal system?

A

206

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2
Q

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

A

Movement, Production, Protection, Storage and Shape

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3
Q

What are produced by the skeletal system and in which part?

A

Red and white blood cells and platelets are produced in the bone marrow.

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4
Q

Which two minerals are stored in the skeletal system?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

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5
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue?

A

Fat, Collagen, Fibrous Tissue and Cartilage

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6
Q

What functions does fat have?

A

Insulation and shock absorption

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7
Q

How much of the body’s protein tissue is made from collagen?

A

25-35%

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8
Q

What is the primary structural protein found in connective tissue?

A

Collagen

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9
Q

Where is fibrous connective tissue found?

A

Dermis of the skin, muscles, tendons and ligaments

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10
Q

What are the two types of fibrous tissue?

A

White fibrous tissue and regular

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11
Q

Which is the densest and strongest fibrous tissue?

A

White fibrous tissue

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12
Q

What are formed by white fibrous tissue?

A

Ligaments, tendons and the perimysium

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13
Q

What is the main quality of regular fibrous tissue?

A

Elasticity

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14
Q

What are the qualities of cartilage

A

Rigidity and strength

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15
Q

What are the two types of cartilage?

A

Articular cartilage and Fibrocartilage

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16
Q

What is another name for articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What is the process by which hyaline cartilage hardens to form bone?

A

Ossification

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18
Q

How does articular cartilage help to maintain healthy joints?

A

Shock absorption and free movement

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19
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Invertebral discs, hip and shoulder joints

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20
Q

What are the qualities of fibrocartilage?

A

Tensile strength and elasticity

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21
Q

What are the two forms of bone?

A

Compact and cancellous

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22
Q

What is the deepest component of a bone?

A

Medullary cavity (medulla)

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23
Q

What is the majority of the medulla filled with?

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

What are the two forms of bone marrow?

A

Red and yellow

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25
Q

Where is red bone marrow primarily found?

A

Cancellous bone

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26
Q

Which type of bone marrow do infants have more of?

A

Red bone marrow

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27
Q

How much of the skeleton is made up of compact bone?

A

80%

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28
Q

What is name of the layer of fibrous tissue that protects compact bone?

A

Periosteum

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29
Q

What are two other names for cancellous bone?

A

Spongy or trabecular bone

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30
Q

What is another name for compact bone?

A

Cortical bone

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31
Q

How many bones does a new born baby have?

A

270

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32
Q

What are the two cells responsible for remodelling bones called?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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33
Q

Which cell is responsible for making bones stronger and denser?

A

Osteoblasts

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34
Q

Which cell removes calcium from the bone to make way for new bone cells or as a result of a dietary change?

A

Osteoclasts

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35
Q

Where does ossification take place?

A

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis which is known as the epiphyseal growth plates.

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36
Q

What factors can cause an increase in osteoclast activity?

A

Inactivity, lack of calcium and lack of vitamin D

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37
Q

How often is the complete skeleton replaced?

A

Every 10 years

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38
Q

What are the four hormones responsible for bone density regulation?

A

Testosterone, oestrogen, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

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39
Q

What is the precursor to osteoporosis?

A

Osteopenia

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40
Q

What is the definition of osteporosis?

A

Bone density that is 25% less than a 30 year old adult

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41
Q

How can bone strength be maintained?

A

Regular weight bearing exercise and a balanced diet

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42
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

The degeneration of articular cartilage due to wear and tear

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43
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

Bony growths which replace lost cartiliage around joints. Also known as bone spurs.

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44
Q

What are the five types of bone in the human body?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones

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45
Q

What name is given to the shaft of the bone which is made from compact bone tissue?

A

Diaphysis

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46
Q

What name is given to the end of the bone which is made from cancellous bone tissue?

A

Epiphysis

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47
Q

What name is given to the hard outer casing of the bone where muscles attach to?

A

Periosteum

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48
Q

What are the three main bones of the skull?

A

Cranium, orbit and mandible

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49
Q

What is the collar bone known as?

A

Clavicle

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50
Q

What is a shoulder blade known as?

A

Scapula

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51
Q

What bone is located in between the rib cage at the front?

A

Sternum

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52
Q

What is the bone of the upper arm?

A

Humerus

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53
Q

What are the two bones of the lower arm?

A

Radius (front) and ulna (rear)

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54
Q

What are the bones of the hands?

A

Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

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55
Q

What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis

56
Q

What is the top of the pelvis called?

A

Iliac crest

57
Q

What is the upper leg bone called?

A

Femur

58
Q

What is the knee cap called?

A

Patella

59
Q

What are the two bones of the lower leg?

A

Tibia (front) and fibula (rear)

60
Q

What are the bones of the toes?

A

Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

61
Q

What is the heel bone called?

A

Calcaneus

62
Q

What is contained within the appendicular skeleton?

A

Arms, legs, scapula and pelvis

63
Q

What is contained within the axial skeleton?

A

Spine, ribs, sternum, cranium and hyoid bone

64
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A
  1. Fused or fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
65
Q

Where can you find examples of fused joints?

A

Skull, sacrum and coccyx

66
Q

What is the purpose of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Shock absorption and dissipate stress

67
Q

Where can you find examples of cartilaginous joints?

A

Between the ribs and sternum and between each vertebra

68
Q

What is the purpose of a synovial joint?

A

To allow free range of movement between articulating surfaces of bones

69
Q

What are the six types of synovial joint?

A
  1. Hinge
  2. Ball and socket
  3. Pivot
  4. Gliding
  5. Saddle
  6. Condyloid
70
Q

What type of movement does a hinge joint permit?

A

Flexion and extension

71
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow or knee

72
Q

What is an example of a ball and socket joint?

A

Hip or shoulder

73
Q

What is the movement permitted at a pivot joint?

A

Rotation

74
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Cervical spine and cranium

75
Q

What type of joint is found in the carpals of the hand or the shoulder girdle?

A

Gliding joint

76
Q

What type of joint can be found between the sternum and the clavicle?

A

Saddle joint

77
Q

How is a saddle joint formed?

A

The convex shape of one articulating bone fits into the concave shape of another

78
Q

What is a condyloid joint also known as?

A

An ellipsoid joint

79
Q

How is a condyloid joint different to a ball and socket joint?

A

The ball is less spherical and more oval and the depth of the socket is shallower

80
Q

Where can a condyloid joint be found?

A

Wrists or between metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges

81
Q

What is the function of a ligament?

A

To connect two articulating bones of a joint together and prevent unwanted movement or dislocation.

82
Q

Which two proteins make up ligaments and what qualities do they have?

A

Collagen (strength) and elastin (flexibility)

83
Q

What happens when a ligament is stretched beyond its normal range?

A

It heals slowly due to having a poor blood supply and does not return to its original size

84
Q

What is the job of the synovial membrane?

A

Create and contain synovial fluid around the joint

85
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

Lubrication and the supply of nutrients to the cartilage and surrounding structures

86
Q

What is articular cartilage made from?

A

Irregular collagen fibres

87
Q

What is the joint capsule?

A

Contains all the elements of the joint and provides additional stability

88
Q

What is the purpose of tendons?

A

To attach muscle to bone

89
Q

What elasticity do tendons have?

A

2%

90
Q

Can tendons and ligaments shorten if not used?

A

Yes

91
Q

Which tendon can store energy?

A

The achilles tendon

92
Q

Which type of collagen is used in tendons and ligaments and what is the main quality?

A

Regular and parallel (tensile strength)

93
Q

Which type of collagen is used in cartilage and what is the main quality?

A

Irregular (shock absorbing)

94
Q

What are bursae?

A

Small fluid filled sacs which reduce friction around a joint. They provide a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles.

95
Q

What is bursitis?

A

When a bursa becomes inflamed causing pain and restricting movement

96
Q

Which three joints are contained within the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. Glenohumeral joint
  2. Acromioclavicular joint
  3. Sternoclavicular joint
97
Q

What are the two primary processes of the scapula?

A

Acromion and coracoid

98
Q

What is the cavity called in the scapula?

A

Glenoid fossa

99
Q

What are the deep controlling muscles of the glenohumeral joint called?

A

Rotator cuff muscles

100
Q

Why is the shoulder joint more at risk of dislocation than the hip joint?

A

The glenoid fossa is shallower which gives a greater range of movement

101
Q

What items does the acromioclavicular joint connect?

A

The lateral end of the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula

102
Q

What movement does the acromioclavicular joint permit?

A

Elevation, depression, protraction and retraction with small amount of rotation.

103
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle joint

104
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint and what movement does it allow?

A

Hinge joint allowing flexion and extension

105
Q

What are the names of the two processes at the proximal end of the ulna?

A

Olecranon (larger) and the trochlear notch

106
Q

What type of joint is the proximal radioulna joint and what movement does it allow?

A

A pivot joint allowing rotation - pronation and supination of the lower arm

107
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint and what movement does it allow?

A

A condyloid joint allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction

108
Q

What is the upper part of the pelvic girdle called?

A

Ilium

109
Q

What is the top of the ilium called?

A

Iliac crest

110
Q

What is the joint called between the ilium and the sacrum?

A

Sacroiliac joint

111
Q

What is the inferior and posterior part of the pelvis called that attaches to the pubis?

A

Ischium

112
Q

What is the cavity called where the femur articulates with the pelvis?

A

Acetabulum

113
Q

What joint connects the pubis bones and what type of joint is it?

A

Symphysis pubis is a cartilaginous joint

114
Q

What is the hip joint also known as?

A

Iliofemoral joint

115
Q

Which direction does the acetabulum face?

A

Laterally, anteriorly and inferiorly

116
Q

Which muscles attach to the greater trochanter?

A

Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and piriformis

117
Q

Where is the lesser trochanter located?

A

On the upper medial surface of the femur

118
Q

What is the name of the joint capsule that surrounds the hip?

A

Labrum

119
Q

What is the primary function of the sacroiliac joint?

A

To transfer forces and load from the upper to the lower body and vice versa

120
Q

What actions can cause problems with the SI joint?

A

Excessive impact, spinal compression, habitually standing on one leg, tripping or sudden bending forwards

121
Q

What is a typical Q-angle?

A

15 degrees

122
Q

Which gender typically has a larger Q-angle?

A

Female

123
Q

What problem occurs with too great a Q-angle?

A

The knee deviates medially and places strain on the hip, knee and ankle

124
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Hinge

125
Q

Which four bones articulate to form the knee joint?

A

Femur, patella, tibia and fibula

126
Q

What movement is allowed by the knee joint?

A

Flexion and extension and rotation when flexed beyond 90 degrees

127
Q

What is the function of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?

A

To support the tibia and resist anterior and posterior shear forces

128
Q

What is the function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments?

A

To resist lateral stresses

129
Q

What are menisci (meniscus for singular)?

A

Half moon shaped cartilage discs which increase the stability of the knee joint, act as shock absorbers and assist with weight bearing

130
Q

How are tendons separated from articulating bones?

A

Bursae

131
Q

Which is the primary weight bearing bone of the lower leg?

A

Tibia

132
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint and what movement does it allow?

A

Hinge allowing flexion and extension

133
Q

What type of joint is the sub-talar joint and what movement does it allow?

A

A modified gliding joint (sometimes referred to as a condyloid joint) which allows rotation

134
Q

What movement do the midtarsal bones permit?

A

Inversion (supination) and eversion (pronation)

135
Q

What is an anatomical example of a first class lever?

A

The atlanto-occiptal joint between the cranium and the cervical vertebra

136
Q

What is an anatomical example of a second class lever?

A

The metatarsalphalangeal joints in the foot where the load is the weight of the body and the effort is generated by the calf muscle during a heel raise

137
Q

What is an anatomical example of a third class lever?

A

The elbow when performing a bicep curl. The force is applied by the bicep and is between the fulcrum and load.

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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