The Skeletal System Flashcards
How many bones are there in the skeletal system?
206
What are the five functions of the skeletal system?
Movement, Production, Protection, Storage and Shape
What are produced by the skeletal system and in which part?
Red and white blood cells and platelets are produced in the bone marrow.
Which two minerals are stored in the skeletal system?
Calcium and Phosphorus
What are the four types of connective tissue?
Fat, Collagen, Fibrous Tissue and Cartilage
What functions does fat have?
Insulation and shock absorption
How much of the body’s protein tissue is made from collagen?
25-35%
What is the primary structural protein found in connective tissue?
Collagen
Where is fibrous connective tissue found?
Dermis of the skin, muscles, tendons and ligaments
What are the two types of fibrous tissue?
White fibrous tissue and regular
Which is the densest and strongest fibrous tissue?
White fibrous tissue
What are formed by white fibrous tissue?
Ligaments, tendons and the perimysium
What is the main quality of regular fibrous tissue?
Elasticity
What are the qualities of cartilage
Rigidity and strength
What are the two types of cartilage?
Articular cartilage and Fibrocartilage
What is another name for articular cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the process by which hyaline cartilage hardens to form bone?
Ossification
How does articular cartilage help to maintain healthy joints?
Shock absorption and free movement
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Invertebral discs, hip and shoulder joints
What are the qualities of fibrocartilage?
Tensile strength and elasticity
What are the two forms of bone?
Compact and cancellous
What is the deepest component of a bone?
Medullary cavity (medulla)
What is the majority of the medulla filled with?
Bone marrow
What are the two forms of bone marrow?
Red and yellow
Where is red bone marrow primarily found?
Cancellous bone
Which type of bone marrow do infants have more of?
Red bone marrow
How much of the skeleton is made up of compact bone?
80%
What is name of the layer of fibrous tissue that protects compact bone?
Periosteum
What are two other names for cancellous bone?
Spongy or trabecular bone
What is another name for compact bone?
Cortical bone
How many bones does a new born baby have?
270
What are the two cells responsible for remodelling bones called?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Which cell is responsible for making bones stronger and denser?
Osteoblasts
Which cell removes calcium from the bone to make way for new bone cells or as a result of a dietary change?
Osteoclasts
Where does ossification take place?
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis which is known as the epiphyseal growth plates.
What factors can cause an increase in osteoclast activity?
Inactivity, lack of calcium and lack of vitamin D
How often is the complete skeleton replaced?
Every 10 years
What are the four hormones responsible for bone density regulation?
Testosterone, oestrogen, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
What is the precursor to osteoporosis?
Osteopenia
What is the definition of osteporosis?
Bone density that is 25% less than a 30 year old adult
How can bone strength be maintained?
Regular weight bearing exercise and a balanced diet
What is osteoarthritis?
The degeneration of articular cartilage due to wear and tear
What are osteophytes?
Bony growths which replace lost cartiliage around joints. Also known as bone spurs.
What are the five types of bone in the human body?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones
What name is given to the shaft of the bone which is made from compact bone tissue?
Diaphysis
What name is given to the end of the bone which is made from cancellous bone tissue?
Epiphysis
What name is given to the hard outer casing of the bone where muscles attach to?
Periosteum
What are the three main bones of the skull?
Cranium, orbit and mandible
What is the collar bone known as?
Clavicle
What is a shoulder blade known as?
Scapula
What bone is located in between the rib cage at the front?
Sternum
What is the bone of the upper arm?
Humerus
What are the two bones of the lower arm?
Radius (front) and ulna (rear)
What are the bones of the hands?
Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, ischium and pubis
What is the top of the pelvis called?
Iliac crest
What is the upper leg bone called?
Femur
What is the knee cap called?
Patella
What are the two bones of the lower leg?
Tibia (front) and fibula (rear)
What are the bones of the toes?
Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
What is the heel bone called?
Calcaneus
What is contained within the appendicular skeleton?
Arms, legs, scapula and pelvis
What is contained within the axial skeleton?
Spine, ribs, sternum, cranium and hyoid bone
What are the three types of joints?
- Fused or fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Where can you find examples of fused joints?
Skull, sacrum and coccyx
What is the purpose of a cartilaginous joint?
Shock absorption and dissipate stress
Where can you find examples of cartilaginous joints?
Between the ribs and sternum and between each vertebra
What is the purpose of a synovial joint?
To allow free range of movement between articulating surfaces of bones
What are the six types of synovial joint?
- Hinge
- Ball and socket
- Pivot
- Gliding
- Saddle
- Condyloid
What type of movement does a hinge joint permit?
Flexion and extension
What is an example of a hinge joint?
Elbow or knee
What is an example of a ball and socket joint?
Hip or shoulder
What is the movement permitted at a pivot joint?
Rotation
What is an example of a pivot joint?
Cervical spine and cranium
What type of joint is found in the carpals of the hand or the shoulder girdle?
Gliding joint
What type of joint can be found between the sternum and the clavicle?
Saddle joint
How is a saddle joint formed?
The convex shape of one articulating bone fits into the concave shape of another
What is a condyloid joint also known as?
An ellipsoid joint
How is a condyloid joint different to a ball and socket joint?
The ball is less spherical and more oval and the depth of the socket is shallower
Where can a condyloid joint be found?
Wrists or between metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges
What is the function of a ligament?
To connect two articulating bones of a joint together and prevent unwanted movement or dislocation.
Which two proteins make up ligaments and what qualities do they have?
Collagen (strength) and elastin (flexibility)
What happens when a ligament is stretched beyond its normal range?
It heals slowly due to having a poor blood supply and does not return to its original size
What is the job of the synovial membrane?
Create and contain synovial fluid around the joint
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
Lubrication and the supply of nutrients to the cartilage and surrounding structures
What is articular cartilage made from?
Irregular collagen fibres
What is the joint capsule?
Contains all the elements of the joint and provides additional stability
What is the purpose of tendons?
To attach muscle to bone
What elasticity do tendons have?
2%
Can tendons and ligaments shorten if not used?
Yes
Which tendon can store energy?
The achilles tendon
Which type of collagen is used in tendons and ligaments and what is the main quality?
Regular and parallel (tensile strength)
Which type of collagen is used in cartilage and what is the main quality?
Irregular (shock absorbing)
What are bursae?
Small fluid filled sacs which reduce friction around a joint. They provide a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles.
What is bursitis?
When a bursa becomes inflamed causing pain and restricting movement
Which three joints are contained within the pectoral girdle?
- Glenohumeral joint
- Acromioclavicular joint
- Sternoclavicular joint
What are the two primary processes of the scapula?
Acromion and coracoid
What is the cavity called in the scapula?
Glenoid fossa
What are the deep controlling muscles of the glenohumeral joint called?
Rotator cuff muscles
Why is the shoulder joint more at risk of dislocation than the hip joint?
The glenoid fossa is shallower which gives a greater range of movement
What items does the acromioclavicular joint connect?
The lateral end of the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula
What movement does the acromioclavicular joint permit?
Elevation, depression, protraction and retraction with small amount of rotation.
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Saddle joint
What type of joint is the elbow joint and what movement does it allow?
Hinge joint allowing flexion and extension
What are the names of the two processes at the proximal end of the ulna?
Olecranon (larger) and the trochlear notch
What type of joint is the proximal radioulna joint and what movement does it allow?
A pivot joint allowing rotation - pronation and supination of the lower arm
What type of joint is the wrist joint and what movement does it allow?
A condyloid joint allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
What is the upper part of the pelvic girdle called?
Ilium
What is the top of the ilium called?
Iliac crest
What is the joint called between the ilium and the sacrum?
Sacroiliac joint
What is the inferior and posterior part of the pelvis called that attaches to the pubis?
Ischium
What is the cavity called where the femur articulates with the pelvis?
Acetabulum
What joint connects the pubis bones and what type of joint is it?
Symphysis pubis is a cartilaginous joint
What is the hip joint also known as?
Iliofemoral joint
Which direction does the acetabulum face?
Laterally, anteriorly and inferiorly
Which muscles attach to the greater trochanter?
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and piriformis
Where is the lesser trochanter located?
On the upper medial surface of the femur
What is the name of the joint capsule that surrounds the hip?
Labrum
What is the primary function of the sacroiliac joint?
To transfer forces and load from the upper to the lower body and vice versa
What actions can cause problems with the SI joint?
Excessive impact, spinal compression, habitually standing on one leg, tripping or sudden bending forwards
What is a typical Q-angle?
15 degrees
Which gender typically has a larger Q-angle?
Female
What problem occurs with too great a Q-angle?
The knee deviates medially and places strain on the hip, knee and ankle
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge
Which four bones articulate to form the knee joint?
Femur, patella, tibia and fibula
What movement is allowed by the knee joint?
Flexion and extension and rotation when flexed beyond 90 degrees
What is the function of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?
To support the tibia and resist anterior and posterior shear forces
What is the function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments?
To resist lateral stresses
What are menisci (meniscus for singular)?
Half moon shaped cartilage discs which increase the stability of the knee joint, act as shock absorbers and assist with weight bearing
How are tendons separated from articulating bones?
Bursae
Which is the primary weight bearing bone of the lower leg?
Tibia
What type of joint is the ankle joint and what movement does it allow?
Hinge allowing flexion and extension
What type of joint is the sub-talar joint and what movement does it allow?
A modified gliding joint (sometimes referred to as a condyloid joint) which allows rotation
What movement do the midtarsal bones permit?
Inversion (supination) and eversion (pronation)
What is an anatomical example of a first class lever?
The atlanto-occiptal joint between the cranium and the cervical vertebra
What is an anatomical example of a second class lever?
The metatarsalphalangeal joints in the foot where the load is the weight of the body and the effort is generated by the calf muscle during a heel raise
What is an anatomical example of a third class lever?
The elbow when performing a bicep curl. The force is applied by the bicep and is between the fulcrum and load.
