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Human Anatomy > The Skeletal Person Quiz > Flashcards

The Skeletal Person Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Define cartilage

A

Strong flexible, CT that protects joints and bones.
Found throughout adult body in the ears, nose, ribs, sternum, larnyx, and trachea.

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2
Q

List the locations of cartilage tissue found throughout adult body

A

External ear, nose, lynx and trachea, pubic symphesis, ribs/sternum

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3
Q

Describe the basic structure of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage.
Cell type: chondrocytes
Matrix contains: fibers, jelly like, ground substance

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4
Q

Where do you find each type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline: end of bones, ribs, nose, lyrnyx, trachea, bronchi.
Elastic : Epiglottis and external ear
Fibrocartilage : pubic synthesis, minisci knee, annulus fibrous

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5
Q

Describe the features of cartilage tissue

A

Springs back to original shape, provides support through flexibility, elasticity, tolerates, repeated, bending, resist, strong compression and strong tension

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6
Q

List the different types of cartilage (3)

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibro

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7
Q

Describe characteristic features of each cartilage

A

Hyaline: most abundant, provides support through flexibility
Elastic : contains elastic fibers, tolerates repeated bending
Fibro: resist, strong compression and strong tension, intermediate between Hyaline and elastic cartilage

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8
Q

List the locations of each cartilage

A

Hyaline: nose, larnyx, trachea, costal, cartilage, epiphyseal plates of long bones

Elastic : epiglottis and cartilage of the external ear

Fibro: pubic synthesis, knee, anulous fibrosis

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9
Q

Define chondroblasts

A

Creates the main component that provides structure and strengths to cartilage. They then mature into chondrocytes.

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10
Q

Define chondrocytes

A

Cells responsible for cartilage formation (cellular component of cartilage)

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11
Q

List the function of bones (6)

A

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, energy metabolism

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12
Q

Describe how bones are classified

A

Long bone – short bone – flat bone – irregular bone

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13
Q

Give an example of each type of bone

A

Long bone – humorous
Short bone – carpals
Flat bone – sternum
Irregular bone – vertebra

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14
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of bones, (compact and spongy)

A

Compact bone – dense outer layer of bone

Spongy – internal network of bone

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15
Q

Compare and contrast, compact and spongy bone

A

Compact bone is composed of osteons and forms external layer of the bone

Spongy bone is composed of trabeculae and forms the inner part of the bone

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16
Q

Name the parts of a long bone

A

Proximal epiphysis (closer to torso)
Diaphysis (shaft) (primary growth area)
Distal epiphysis (secondary growth)

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17
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Grows up and down (long ways)

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18
Q

What is interstitial growth

A

Gross side to side (wider)

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19
Q

When does cartilage stop growing?

A

When the skeletons stops growing

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20
Q

What are markings of bones?

A

Made by osteoclasts
Superficial surfaces of bones reflect stresses on them

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21
Q

What are the three broad categories of bone markings?

A

Projections for muscle attachment
Surfaces that form joints
Depressions and openings

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22
Q

What is the structure of a typical long bone?

A

Diaphysis (shaft of bone) (middle)
Epiphysis (ends of bones)
Blood vessels – well vascularized
Medullary cavity - hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow
Membranes-periosteum, perforating, collagen fiber bundles, and endosteum

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23
Q

Structure of short, irregular, flat bone

A

Contains bone marrow, but no mero cavity

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24
Q

What are the axil bones?

A

Head, neck, back, and chest

25
Q

What is the difference between male and female pelvises?

A

Females – pubic angle is more than 180° larger, wider, rounder inlet

Males less than 180°, sacrum is longer, narrower, straighter, pronounced sacral

26
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33 total
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
9 fused

27
Q

What are the sutures of the skull? (5)

A

Coronal, sagittal,lambdoid, simple squamous, Fontenelle

28
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

12 total
Seven true
Five false

29
Q

What are the flat bones?

A

Sternum, ribs, skull, scapula, hips

30
Q

What are the long bones?

A

Tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, radius, ulna

31
Q

What are the short bones?

A

Carpals and tarsals

32
Q

What are the irregular bones?

A

Vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum, temporal

33
Q

What kind of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid

34
Q

What are the four major sinus bones?

A

Maxillary (the biggest) , ethmoid, sphenoid, mandibular

35
Q

True or false osteon and diversion system are the same

A

True

36
Q

Osteoblasts do what?

A

Add bone tissue to external surface of the diaphysis

37
Q

Osteoclast do what?

A

Remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis

38
Q

What are the stages of healing of a bone fracture?

A

Hematoma forms, fibrocartilageinous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs

This is carried out by osteoclasts

39
Q

What are the fracture types?

A

Communituted, compression, spiral, epiphyseal , depressed, greenstick

40
Q

Osteoblast vs osteoclasts vs osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts are bone forming
Osteoclasts resorb or break down bone
Osteocytes are mature bone

All 3 are cells that contribute to bone homeostasis

41
Q

Which hormones regulate bone growth

A

Growth, hormone, thyroid, hormone, sex hormones

42
Q

What happens to bones as the individual approaches the end of adolescence?

A

Chondroblast divide less often, epiphyseal plates thin, cartilage stops growing and is replaced by bone tissue. Long bones stop lengthening when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse.

43
Q

What is meant by bone remodeling?

A

The process of replacing old or damaged bone with new bone, which is coordinated by Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

44
Q

Define osteoblast

A

Bone forming cells
Heal existing bone by releasing bone matrix which fills gaps in bone tissue .
Once mature osteoblast become osteoclast .

45
Q

Define osteoclast

A

Breakdown bone
Giant multinucleate cells
Move along the bone surface
Digging grooves as they break down the bone matrix
Sree lysosomal enzymes and hydrochloric acid

46
Q

Describe how bone grows

A

Bone length: bone grows in length from growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

Bone width: grows through oppositional growth (bone tissue added to the surface of the bone)

47
Q

Name four disorders of bones

A

Osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, rickets, osteomalacia

48
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Low bone mass

Bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition

49
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Occurs in adults – bones are in adequately mineralized

50
Q

What are rickets?

A

Occurs in children – analogous to osteomalacia

51
Q

List, different types of tissues in bone

A

CT, NT, blood, CT, cartilage, ET

52
Q

How does cartilage grow?
List the two modes of growth of cartilage

A

Oppositional growth (Contrast and surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage )

interstitial growth- Condra sides within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

53
Q

Is bone considered an organ if yes, why

A

Bone contains several types of tissues dominated by CT contains nervous tissue and blood. CT contains ET lining blood vessels.

54
Q

Describe the chemical component of bone

A

Organic and inorganic

Organic – osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclast

55
Q

Bone development

A

Ossification
Membrane bones
Intra-membraneous ossification
Endochondral ossification

56
Q

during childhood and adolescence lengthen entirely by growth of the what

A

Epiphyseal plates

57
Q

Bone deposit and removal occurs where

A

At periosteal and endosteal surfaces

58
Q

Bone remodeling is what

A

Bone deposition – accomplished by osteoblasts
And bone reabsorption – accomplished by osteoclasts

Human Anatomy (5 decks)

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