The Skeletal Person Quiz Flashcards
Define cartilage
Strong flexible, CT that protects joints and bones.
Found throughout adult body in the ears, nose, ribs, sternum, larnyx, and trachea.
List the locations of cartilage tissue found throughout adult body
External ear, nose, lynx and trachea, pubic symphesis, ribs/sternum
Describe the basic structure of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage.
Cell type: chondrocytes
Matrix contains: fibers, jelly like, ground substance
Where do you find each type of cartilage?
Hyaline: end of bones, ribs, nose, lyrnyx, trachea, bronchi.
Elastic : Epiglottis and external ear
Fibrocartilage : pubic synthesis, minisci knee, annulus fibrous
Describe the features of cartilage tissue
Springs back to original shape, provides support through flexibility, elasticity, tolerates, repeated, bending, resist, strong compression and strong tension
List the different types of cartilage (3)
Hyaline, elastic, fibro
Describe characteristic features of each cartilage
Hyaline: most abundant, provides support through flexibility
Elastic : contains elastic fibers, tolerates repeated bending
Fibro: resist, strong compression and strong tension, intermediate between Hyaline and elastic cartilage
List the locations of each cartilage
Hyaline: nose, larnyx, trachea, costal, cartilage, epiphyseal plates of long bones
Elastic : epiglottis and cartilage of the external ear
Fibro: pubic synthesis, knee, anulous fibrosis
Define chondroblasts
Creates the main component that provides structure and strengths to cartilage. They then mature into chondrocytes.
Define chondrocytes
Cells responsible for cartilage formation (cellular component of cartilage)
List the function of bones (6)
Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, energy metabolism
Describe how bones are classified
Long bone – short bone – flat bone – irregular bone
Give an example of each type of bone
Long bone – humorous
Short bone – carpals
Flat bone – sternum
Irregular bone – vertebra
Describe the gross anatomy of bones, (compact and spongy)
Compact bone – dense outer layer of bone
Spongy – internal network of bone
Compare and contrast, compact and spongy bone
Compact bone is composed of osteons and forms external layer of the bone
Spongy bone is composed of trabeculae and forms the inner part of the bone
Name the parts of a long bone
Proximal epiphysis (closer to torso)
Diaphysis (shaft) (primary growth area)
Distal epiphysis (secondary growth)
What is appositional growth?
Grows up and down (long ways)
What is interstitial growth
Gross side to side (wider)
When does cartilage stop growing?
When the skeletons stops growing
What are markings of bones?
Made by osteoclasts
Superficial surfaces of bones reflect stresses on them
What are the three broad categories of bone markings?
Projections for muscle attachment
Surfaces that form joints
Depressions and openings
What is the structure of a typical long bone?
Diaphysis (shaft of bone) (middle)
Epiphysis (ends of bones)
Blood vessels – well vascularized
Medullary cavity - hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow
Membranes-periosteum, perforating, collagen fiber bundles, and endosteum
Structure of short, irregular, flat bone
Contains bone marrow, but no mero cavity
What are the axil bones?
Head, neck, back, and chest
What is the difference between male and female pelvises?
Females – pubic angle is more than 180° larger, wider, rounder inlet
Males less than 180°, sacrum is longer, narrower, straighter, pronounced sacral
How many vertebrae are there?
33 total
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
9 fused
What are the sutures of the skull? (5)
Coronal, sagittal,lambdoid, simple squamous, Fontenelle
How many ribs are there?
12 total
Seven true
Five false
What are the flat bones?
Sternum, ribs, skull, scapula, hips
What are the long bones?
Tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, radius, ulna
What are the short bones?
Carpals and tarsals
What are the irregular bones?
Vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum, temporal
What kind of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
What are the four major sinus bones?
Maxillary (the biggest) , ethmoid, sphenoid, mandibular
True or false osteon and diversion system are the same
True
Osteoblasts do what?
Add bone tissue to external surface of the diaphysis
Osteoclast do what?
Remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis
What are the stages of healing of a bone fracture?
Hematoma forms, fibrocartilageinous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs
This is carried out by osteoclasts
What are the fracture types?
Communituted, compression, spiral, epiphyseal , depressed, greenstick
Osteoblast vs osteoclasts vs osteocytes
Osteoblasts are bone forming
Osteoclasts resorb or break down bone
Osteocytes are mature bone
All 3 are cells that contribute to bone homeostasis
Which hormones regulate bone growth
Growth, hormone, thyroid, hormone, sex hormones
What happens to bones as the individual approaches the end of adolescence?
Chondroblast divide less often, epiphyseal plates thin, cartilage stops growing and is replaced by bone tissue. Long bones stop lengthening when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse.
What is meant by bone remodeling?
The process of replacing old or damaged bone with new bone, which is coordinated by Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Define osteoblast
Bone forming cells
Heal existing bone by releasing bone matrix which fills gaps in bone tissue .
Once mature osteoblast become osteoclast .
Define osteoclast
Breakdown bone
Giant multinucleate cells
Move along the bone surface
Digging grooves as they break down the bone matrix
Sree lysosomal enzymes and hydrochloric acid
Describe how bone grows
Bone length: bone grows in length from growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate
Bone width: grows through oppositional growth (bone tissue added to the surface of the bone)
Name four disorders of bones
Osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, rickets, osteomalacia
What is osteoporosis?
Low bone mass
Bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition
What is osteomalacia?
Occurs in adults – bones are in adequately mineralized
What are rickets?
Occurs in children – analogous to osteomalacia
List, different types of tissues in bone
CT, NT, blood, CT, cartilage, ET
How does cartilage grow?
List the two modes of growth of cartilage
Oppositional growth (Contrast and surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage )
interstitial growth- Condra sides within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
Is bone considered an organ if yes, why
Bone contains several types of tissues dominated by CT contains nervous tissue and blood. CT contains ET lining blood vessels.
Describe the chemical component of bone
Organic and inorganic
Organic – osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclast
Bone development
Ossification
Membrane bones
Intra-membraneous ossification
Endochondral ossification
during childhood and adolescence lengthen entirely by growth of the what
Epiphyseal plates
Bone deposit and removal occurs where
At periosteal and endosteal surfaces
Bone remodeling is what
Bone deposition – accomplished by osteoblasts
And bone reabsorption – accomplished by osteoclasts
