Exam 2 Flashcards
Where do you find melanin?
Melanocytes and basil layer of epidermis
Less pigment is associated with white people, why?
Lysosomes destroy melanin, eaten by spinosum
contains little melanin
What are the different sweat glands and their secretions?
Eccrine: most numerous, found all over the body. Secrete true sweat.
Appocrine: located in pubic region, auxiliary, anal. Secretes lipoprotein.
What is the type of tissue of the dermis?
Papillary – Ariola CT
Reticular – dense irregular
What type of hair do you find in different part of the body of an adult?
Terminal hair – found on the scalp, auxiliary, pubic
Vellus hair- women/children’s hair
What are the three types of burns
First-degree burn – upper epidermis and is most painful
Second-degree burn burns the epidermis and the dermis . Easy hair removal.
Third-degree burns - burns all the layers of the skin. Most critical.
What are pimples what happens for it to develop?
Excessive secretion leading to clogged pores
Secretion = sebum and oil which get oxidized
Types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma- most common. Starts in the basil layer.
Squamous cell carcinoma - starts in the spinosum layer
Melanoma - cancer of melanocytes
What does ABCDE refer to when talking about skin cancer
As symmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving
What are cleavage lines, would a surgeon cut with them or dissect them?
Cleavage lines are found in the epidermidis and our separation between collagen.
Surgeons go between they do not dissect
What are the different sensory receptors embedded into the skin?
Open ended – indiscriminate – all over body
Messiners corpuscles- superficial – direct touch and vibration
Pucinian/ lamellar corpuscles- making dough – change and pressure
What is the muscle in the skin?
Erector pilli - a smooth muscle
Different types of cells of the bone
Osteoplast, osteoclast, osteocyte
Types of bones: what are the major types?
Long bone, short bone, irregular, sesamoid
Where do you find the two types of marrow?
Yellow bone marrow is found in long bones and it is used for storage
Red bone marrow is found in flat bones and it’s used for blood
A strong cartilage is known as
Fibrocartilage
Axial vs appendicular, which bones are involved in each
Axial: head neck, spine, and ribs
Appendicular : limbs and pelvis
Rib cage bones
12 total
7 true
5 false 2/5 floating ribs
What are the skull sutures?
Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous, anterior Fontenal (baby soft spot)
In an articular capsule/synovial, what secrets of fluid
Synovial membrane
What is superficial fascia?
Hypodermis
Fat layer
Subcutaneous
Naming of the muscle consist of what
Location, shape, size, direction of fascicles, location of attachments, number of origins, action.
What is the winking muscle?
Orrbiclaris oculi
What is the kissing muscle?
Orrbiclaris oris
What is a triad?
2 cisterns and a T tubule
What are the two major mechanisms of contraction in the muscles?
Concentric and eccentric
What are the functions of muscle tissue?
Produce Movement
What are the types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Synovial joint classes (6)
Plane, hinge, pivot, confyloid, saddle, ball, and socket
Joint functions
Synarthrosis- not movable
Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable
Diaarthrosis- freely mobile
What is muscle striation?
Appearance of alternating light and dark bands/discs in muscle tissue
What is the difference between the three types of muscles?
Skeletal – attached to the bone – voluntary movements – striated
Cardiac – around the heart only – pump blood – involuntary – striated
Smooth in walls of internal organs – involuntary – not stated
What are the layers of hair from inside to outside?
Medulla – cortex - cuticle
What is an osteon?
The basic, structural and functional unit of dense bone
What are the sinus bones?
Frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoid
What is Dens
Aka odontoid process
Bony projection that extends from the second C2 vertebrae
Responsible for the “no movement”
Articulates with Atlas
Dysfunctions of the vertebral column
Kyphosis – humpback
Lordosis – swayback
Scoliosis – spine and S shape
What bone is the only bone with trachanter ?
The femur
What are the stages of healing a bone fracture?
Hematoma forms
Fibrocartilaginous Callis forms
Bony Callis forms
Bone remodeling occurs
This is carried out by osteoclasts
Which muscle is responsible for frowning
Frontal occipital
Which three facial muscles are responsible for chewing
Temporal
Masseter
Buccinator
What facial muscle is responsible for smiling
Zygomaticus
What facial muscle is responsible for winking and blinking
O. Oculi
What facial muscle is responsible for kissing
O. Oris
What are the skeletal muscle fibers?
-divided into 3 classes
Slow oxidative fibers – long periods, lower power
Fast glycolic fibers- Sprint – fast
Fast oxidative fibers – sprint and maintain it – athlete or football player
The types of skeletal muscles are characterized by
How they manufacture ATP (energy)
How quickly they contract
Nerve cells that innervate muscle fibers are called
Motor neurons
Which of the type of muscle fibers depends on anaerobic pathways to generate ATP?
Fast glycolitic (FG)
Under light microscopy the light and dark stations or (blank) are clearly visible
Sarcomeres
Muscle contraction develops force when…
When stretch near its optimal resting length
According to the sliding filament mechanism, during concentric contractions….
Actin is pulled actively towards myosin
And
The Z lines approach each other
Smooth muscles are found in all these areas except
Coronary arteries
Diaphragm
Cerebral blood vessels
Walls of the stomach
What does the neuromuscular junction consist of?
The motor end plate and the terminal bouton
Unlike skeletal muscles, cardiac and smooth muscles…
Do not contain perimysuim
Are involuntary
Do not have myofibrils
Both a and b are correct
Both a and B are correct
When drawing the skeletal muscle, name the labeling from the bone to the actin and myosin
Bone, tendon, epimyosin, perimyosin, endomyosin, muscle fiber, actin/myosin
Labeling of the sacromere
Z- line, m-line, light I band, dark A band, myosin thick filament, overlap zone.
What is the joint movement supinate
Palms face up
Supine
“Accept the bowl of soup”
What is the joint movement pronate
Palms face down
Prone position
What is the joint movement abduction
Away from torso/midline
What is the joint movement adduction
Toward midline/torso
What is the joint movement flexion
Reducing the angle of a joint
flexing arm muscles
90
What is the joint movement extension
Increasing joint angel
*arm straight
What is the joint movement circumduction
In a circular movement
What is the joint movement inversion and eversion (foot side to side)
Inversion- when foot stretches inwards (big toe)
Eversion- stretch foot outwards (pinky)
What is the joint movement dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion - Flexing foot upper ward towards leg/body
Plantar flexion- flexing foot towards ground
Fascicle orientations
Circular: mouth
Convergent: pectoralis major
Parallel: stratus (inner thigh)
Unipennate: extensor digitorium (forearm)
Bipennate: rectus femoris
Multipennate: deltoid
What are the two ossification centers and what do they take place
Primary ossification center: in the center of a long bone in the dyaphesis at the epiphyseal cartilage.
Secondary ossification center: form in the epiphysis (long bones increase in length at secondary ossification center)
