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Human Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do you find melanin?

A

Melanocytes and basil layer of epidermis

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2
Q

Less pigment is associated with white people, why?

A

Lysosomes destroy melanin, eaten by spinosum

contains little melanin

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3
Q

What are the different sweat glands and their secretions?

A

Eccrine: most numerous, found all over the body. Secrete true sweat.

Appocrine: located in pubic region, auxiliary, anal. Secretes lipoprotein.

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4
Q

What is the type of tissue of the dermis?

A

Papillary – Ariola CT
Reticular – dense irregular

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5
Q

What type of hair do you find in different part of the body of an adult?

A

Terminal hair – found on the scalp, auxiliary, pubic

Vellus hair- women/children’s hair

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6
Q

What are the three types of burns

A

First-degree burn – upper epidermis and is most painful

Second-degree burn burns the epidermis and the dermis . Easy hair removal.

Third-degree burns - burns all the layers of the skin. Most critical.

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7
Q

What are pimples what happens for it to develop?

A

Excessive secretion leading to clogged pores

Secretion = sebum and oil which get oxidized

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8
Q

Types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma- most common. Starts in the basil layer.

Squamous cell carcinoma - starts in the spinosum layer

Melanoma - cancer of melanocytes

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9
Q

What does ABCDE refer to when talking about skin cancer

A

As symmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

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10
Q

What are cleavage lines, would a surgeon cut with them or dissect them?

A

Cleavage lines are found in the epidermidis and our separation between collagen.

Surgeons go between they do not dissect

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11
Q

What are the different sensory receptors embedded into the skin?

A

Open ended – indiscriminate – all over body

Messiners corpuscles- superficial – direct touch and vibration

Pucinian/ lamellar corpuscles- making dough – change and pressure

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12
Q

What is the muscle in the skin?

A

Erector pilli - a smooth muscle

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13
Q

Different types of cells of the bone

A

Osteoplast, osteoclast, osteocyte

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14
Q

Types of bones: what are the major types?

A

Long bone, short bone, irregular, sesamoid

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15
Q

Where do you find the two types of marrow?

A

Yellow bone marrow is found in long bones and it is used for storage

Red bone marrow is found in flat bones and it’s used for blood

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16
Q

A strong cartilage is known as

A

Fibrocartilage

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17
Q

Axial vs appendicular, which bones are involved in each

A

Axial: head neck, spine, and ribs

Appendicular : limbs and pelvis

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18
Q

Rib cage bones

A

12 total
7 true
5 false 2/5 floating ribs

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19
Q

What are the skull sutures?

A

Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous, anterior Fontenal (baby soft spot)

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20
Q

In an articular capsule/synovial, what secrets of fluid

A

Synovial membrane

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21
Q

What is superficial fascia?

A

Hypodermis
Fat layer
Subcutaneous

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22
Q

Naming of the muscle consist of what

A

Location, shape, size, direction of fascicles, location of attachments, number of origins, action.

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23
Q

What is the winking muscle?

A

Orrbiclaris oculi

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24
Q

What is the kissing muscle?

A

Orrbiclaris oris

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25
Q

What is a triad?

A

2 cisterns and a T tubule

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26
Q

What are the two major mechanisms of contraction in the muscles?

A

Concentric and eccentric

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27
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A

Produce Movement

28
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue

29
Q

Synovial joint classes (6)

A

Plane, hinge, pivot, confyloid, saddle, ball, and socket

30
Q

Joint functions

A

Synarthrosis- not movable
Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable
Diaarthrosis- freely mobile

31
Q

What is muscle striation?

A

Appearance of alternating light and dark bands/discs in muscle tissue

32
Q

What is the difference between the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal – attached to the bone – voluntary movements – striated

Cardiac – around the heart only – pump blood – involuntary – striated

Smooth in walls of internal organs – involuntary – not stated

33
Q

What are the layers of hair from inside to outside?

A

Medulla – cortex - cuticle

34
Q

What is an osteon?

A

The basic, structural and functional unit of dense bone

35
Q

What are the sinus bones?

A

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoid

36
Q

What is Dens

A

Aka odontoid process

Bony projection that extends from the second C2 vertebrae

Responsible for the “no movement”

Articulates with Atlas

37
Q

Dysfunctions of the vertebral column

A

Kyphosis – humpback
Lordosis – swayback
Scoliosis – spine and S shape

38
Q

What bone is the only bone with trachanter ?

A

The femur

39
Q

What are the stages of healing a bone fracture?

A

Hematoma forms
Fibrocartilaginous Callis forms
Bony Callis forms
Bone remodeling occurs

This is carried out by osteoclasts

40
Q

Which muscle is responsible for frowning

A

Frontal occipital

41
Q

Which three facial muscles are responsible for chewing

A

Temporal
Masseter
Buccinator

42
Q

What facial muscle is responsible for smiling

A

Zygomaticus

43
Q

What facial muscle is responsible for winking and blinking

A

O. Oculi

44
Q

What facial muscle is responsible for kissing

A

O. Oris

45
Q

What are the skeletal muscle fibers?
-divided into 3 classes

A

Slow oxidative fibers – long periods, lower power

Fast glycolic fibers- Sprint – fast

Fast oxidative fibers – sprint and maintain it – athlete or football player

46
Q

The types of skeletal muscles are characterized by

A

How they manufacture ATP (energy)
How quickly they contract

47
Q

Nerve cells that innervate muscle fibers are called

A

Motor neurons

48
Q

Which of the type of muscle fibers depends on anaerobic pathways to generate ATP?

A

Fast glycolitic (FG)

49
Q

Under light microscopy the light and dark stations or (blank) are clearly visible

A

Sarcomeres

50
Q

Muscle contraction develops force when…

A

When stretch near its optimal resting length

51
Q

According to the sliding filament mechanism, during concentric contractions….

A

Actin is pulled actively towards myosin
And
The Z lines approach each other

52
Q

Smooth muscles are found in all these areas except

A

Coronary arteries
Diaphragm
Cerebral blood vessels
Walls of the stomach

53
Q

What does the neuromuscular junction consist of?

A

The motor end plate and the terminal bouton

54
Q

Unlike skeletal muscles, cardiac and smooth muscles…

Do not contain perimysuim
Are involuntary
Do not have myofibrils
Both a and b are correct

A

Both a and B are correct

55
Q

When drawing the skeletal muscle, name the labeling from the bone to the actin and myosin

A

Bone, tendon, epimyosin, perimyosin, endomyosin, muscle fiber, actin/myosin

56
Q

Labeling of the sacromere

A

Z- line, m-line, light I band, dark A band, myosin thick filament, overlap zone.

57
Q

What is the joint movement supinate

A

Palms face up
Supine
“Accept the bowl of soup”

58
Q

What is the joint movement pronate

A

Palms face down
Prone position

59
Q

What is the joint movement abduction

A

Away from torso/midline

60
Q

What is the joint movement adduction

A

Toward midline/torso

61
Q

What is the joint movement flexion

A

Reducing the angle of a joint
flexing arm muscles
90

62
Q

What is the joint movement extension

A

Increasing joint angel
*arm straight

63
Q

What is the joint movement circumduction

A

In a circular movement

64
Q

What is the joint movement inversion and eversion (foot side to side)

A

Inversion- when foot stretches inwards (big toe)
Eversion- stretch foot outwards (pinky)

65
Q

What is the joint movement dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

A

Dorsiflexion - Flexing foot upper ward towards leg/body

Plantar flexion- flexing foot towards ground

66
Q

Fascicle orientations

A

Circular: mouth
Convergent: pectoralis major
Parallel: stratus (inner thigh)
Unipennate: extensor digitorium (forearm)
Bipennate: rectus femoris
Multipennate: deltoid

67
Q

What are the two ossification centers and what do they take place

A

Primary ossification center: in the center of a long bone in the dyaphesis at the epiphyseal cartilage.

Secondary ossification center: form in the epiphysis (long bones increase in length at secondary ossification center)

Human Anatomy (5 decks)

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