The Self Perceived by Others

Question 1

What is a judge?

Answer 1

the individual trying to form an impression of the “target”

Question 2

What 3 things do judges understand another person?

Answer 2

• Self-report
• Informant reports
• Behavioural measures

Question 3

Has research struggled to find criteria to differentiate good from bad judges?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

The realistic accuracy model (RAM)

Answer 4

Relevance - Availability - Detection - Utilization

Question 5

What is relevance?

Answer 5

Are personality cues relevant

Question 6

What is availability?

Answer 6

Are they available to the judge

Question 7

What is detection?

Answer 7

Does the judge detect them

Question 8

What is utilization?

Answer 8

Does the judge use them to form an impression

Question 9

STUDY: Testing the realistic accuracy model - Face to face interactions or videos of accuracy of judges RESULTS

Answer 9

• Individual differences between quality of targets larger than judges
• Good targets: good judges more accurate i s you target
• Bad targets: no relationship with judge quality and accuracy good (RAM)
• This relationship held across video and face-to-face interactions

Question 10

Relevance Stage - Psychological Adjustment - High Self Esteem

Answer 10

High self-esteem: trait-coherent behaviour
(Accurate, not overly positive impression)

Question 11

Relevance Stage - Psychological Adjustment - Low Self Esteem

Answer 11

Low self-esteem: less accurately perceived
More cautious in expressing negative feelings, traits

Question 12

Relevance Stage - Self Concept Clarity

Answer 12

Greater motivation to behave in line with important/relevant traits

Question 13

Relevance Stage - Power

Answer 13

Trait dominance, experimentally manipulated power led to greater expression of true
opinions and values

Question 14

Availability Stage - Extroversion

Answer 14

With others more frequently and for longer periods of time

• Provide more information within those periods
• E.g., Human et al., 2021 found that extraversion predicted expressive accuracy of big 5 traits with new acquaintances, close others, and on Facebook

Question 15

Availability Stage - Emotional Expressiveness

Answer 15

“The extent to which targets’ emotional reactions can be read from their faces when they are not deliberately attempting to communicate those emotions… Or the extent to which targets are judged as expressive, open, and uninhibited in nonverbal/verbal behaviour

• Improves perceptions of more affect related traits, e.g., agreeableness, neuroticism
• Lower levels associated with less accurate personality judgement

Question 16

Why be a good target? (2 benefits)

Answer 16

Intrapersonal benefits and Interpersonal benefits

Question 17

Intrapersonal benefits (2 theories)

Answer 17

1) Self disclose
2) Self verification

Question 18

What is self disclose?

Answer 18

disclosing personal information to others is often rewarding

Question 19

What is self verification?

Answer 19

intrinsically satisfying to received feedback that aligns with our self-views

Question 20

What are Interpersonal benefits?

Answer 20

• People who are more accurately perceived tend to be better liked
• Greater intimacy and relationship satisfaction
• Workplace: found that high quality applicants driven to self-verify were more likely to be offered a job

Question 21

What is the looking glass self?

Answer 21

Processes by which people’s self- views are influenced by their perceptions of how others view them

Question 22

What is metaperception?

Answer 22

Stage of reflected appraisal in which people form subjective impressions of others’ views of them

(what you think others think of you)

Question 23

Are metaperceptions accurate? - Research suggests accu1racy even when controlling for?

Answer 23

Self - appraisals

Question 24

Are metaperceptions accurate? - Accuracy = best with?

Answer 24

Accuracy best with family, then friends, then acquaintances

Question 25

Accuracy across development STUDY RESULTS

Answer 25

Accuracy improves with age, but all kids displayed meta-accuracy

Question 26

Biases in metaperceptions

Answer 26

“Literature review of looking-glass self research shows that there is no consistent relationship between self-reports and observers reports” * Implication: looking-glass self means that the self concept is shaped by how we think others see us, not by how they actually see us * Findings and conclusions of studies will differ based on methodology * Previously discussed variables will affect whether this is true, e.g., closeness of observer, quality of target/judge etc.

Question 27

False consensus effect

Answer 27

tendency to overestimate the overlap between self- views and views of others; applies to metaperceptions

Question 28

Illusion of transparency

Answer 28

overestimating the extent to which our feelings, personality, goals etc. are evident to others

Question 29

Overlooking overt cues

Answer 29

social situations are cognitively taxing causing people to miss social cues

Question 30

Self-appraisals colour metaperception: Negative Self Views

Answer 30

* Low self-esteem associated with difficulty accepting positive views about oneself * More likely to make “make mountains out of molehills” when criticized

Question 31

Self-appraisals colour metaperception: Self Enhancement Bias

Answer 31

* People are prone to interpret other's views of themselves in a self-enhancing manner * Eagerness to learn others’ impressions associated with self-enhancement

Question 32

STUDY: Leadership - What are self ratings?

Answer 32

leaders rated their own interpersonal competencies

Question 33

STUDY: Leadership - What are other ratings?

Answer 33

leaders’ direct report staff rated their leaders’ interpersonal competencies

Question 34

STUDY: Leadership - What are prediction ratings?

Answer 34

leaders rated how they thought their direct reports rated their interpersonal competencies

Question 35

STUDY: Leadership - What are effectiveness ratings?

Answer 35

leaders’ supervisors rated how good leaders were at their job

Question 36

STUDY: Leadership - RESULTS

Answer 36

* Self-ratings consistently higher than prediction-ratings * Alignment between self - ratings and other-ratings predicted effectiveness * BUT alignment between prediction-ratings and other-ratings significantly better predicted effectiveness

Question 37

Teamwork - Reciprocal expertise affirmation

Answer 37

Extent to which team members respect, value, and affirm each other’s expertise

Question 38

Teamwork - Sharedness of expertise perceptions

Answer 38

extent to which team members agree about each others’ expertise

Question 39

STUDY: Teamwork RESULTS

Answer 39

* High shared expertise perceptions: * Reciprocal expertise affirmation → coordinated action → performance * Low shared expertise perceptions: * Reciprocal expertise affirmation unrelated to coordinated action

Question 40

Idealizing one’s partner - Reflected appraisals hypothesis

Answer 40

individuals come to more closely resemble the idealized perceptions their partners view them with

Question 41

Idealizing one’s partner - Relationship quality

Answer 41

* Idealizing one’s partner and being idealized → greater satisfaction, fewer conflicts, less serious doubts * Perceiving one’s partner as falling short of ideals → more destructive conflict styles

Question 42

Idealizing one’s partner - Relationship longevity

Answer 42

* Idealization → longevity * Accurate understanding of a partner’s qualities unrelated to longevity

Question 43

Idealizing one’s partner - Self-fulfilling idealization

Answer 43

* Idealization → positive change in partner’s self-concept, more secure attachment style * Idealized images are most vulnerable when they are out of touch with a partner’s reality