the self and identity Flashcards
what are the 3 aspects of the personal self?
traits
interests
self- schemas
what are the 3 aspects of the social self?
group memberships
conformity
intergroup behaviours
what is personal identity?
awareness of self, individuality, developed through experiences, interactions
what is self referencing?
more likely to focus on or remember information relating to the self
describe self- esteem
subjective evaluation of own value, worth
how much a person likes, respects and accepts themselves
usually involves comparisons
low linked to depression, substance abuse, underachieving (Wood et al 2005)
high linked to resilience, success, and optimism (Makikangas et al 2004)
what did Baumeister (2005) say about self- esteem?
self- esteem is like a double edged sword, e.g. can lead to bullying, narcissism, experimentation in bad behaviour and teen pregnancy
what was Bandura’s definition for self efficacy?
individual’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to produce specific performance attainments
what are the four sources of self- efficacy?
mastery
modelling
persuasion
physiological states
how does locus of control affect self- efficacy?
LOC associated with greater self- efficacy, but this isn’t always the case
“i control my behaviour, but I don’t have the ability to do that”
“i dont control my behaviour, but i can do that”
what did Martin Seligman find about learned helplessness?
“animals learned that outcomes were independent of their responses- that nothing they did mattered- and that this learning undermined trying to escape”
what is learned helplessness?
- conditioned to accept pain and do nothing to escape it
- learned not innate
- accept situations cannot be changed
- miss opportunities for control
what were the cultural differences in self- concept?
western cultures:
- tend to focus on personal identity
- emphasise individual aspects
eastern cultures:
- tend to focus on relations between self and others
- social relations tend to dominate the self- concept
what does group membership do in social identity theory?
helps inform how people act, important for identity
describe self- categorisation theory
- extension of social identity theory
- integrate commonly held beliefs of an in- group to personal beliefs
- relationship between how people describe themselves (traits, characteristics) and their groups
what are the 3 elements of self- identity?
1) categorise- ingroup vs outgroup
2) levels- personal and social
3) salience of groups belonged to different for different people
