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social psychology > history of SP > Flashcards

history of SP Flashcards

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1
Q

what is social psychology?

A

systematic study of the nature and causes for human social behaviour (DeLameter and Collett 2019)

the scientific study of reciprocal influnce of the individual and their social context (Manstead 1995)

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2
Q

what are the 3 aspects of social thinking?

A

the self

social beliefs and social elements

attitudes and behaviour

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3
Q

what are the 3 aspects of social influence?

A

genes, culture, and gender

conformity and obedience

persuasion

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4
Q

what are the 3 aspects of social relations?

A

aggression

attraction and intimacy

helping

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5
Q

what are the 3 aspects of people in groups?

A

small group influence

social categorisation and social identity

inter- group relations, conflict and prejudice

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6
Q

when were the first social psychology experiments conducted?

A

late 1800’s

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7
Q

what is rationalism?

A

the idea that the truth can be discovered through deduction and using the intellect, reasoning through to a conclusion

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8
Q

what ideas did David Hume (UK) come up with?

A

1739: sympathy contributed to social conformity
1741: national traits were present

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9
Q

what ideas did Adam Smith (UK) come up with?

A

1759: the people we become is shaped by our social interactions with others

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10
Q

what ideas did Immanuel Kant (Germany) come up with?

A

1724- 1804: interested in feelings, how people manipulate each other, desire for power etc

thought these topics couldn’t be studied scientifically because they can’t be treated as physical objects

inspired the development of Gestalt psychology

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11
Q

what is Gestalt psychology?

A

suggests that the mind constructs reality and orders the social world

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12
Q

what ideas did Kurt Lewin (Germany) come up with?

A

1890- 1947: developed Gestalt psychology

thought social psychology should be about looking at the whole picture

wanted to tackle prejudice and improve inter-group relations

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13
Q

what ideas did Johann Friedrich Herbart (Germany) come up with?

A

1776- 1841: founder of social psychology

influenced development of volkerpsychologie

social life important

people in same social groups have similar values and beliefs

“the human being is nothing outside of society”

influenced development of social psychology in Europe, UK and USA

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14
Q

what is volkerpsychologie?

A

mass psychology, folk psychology, or psychology of the people

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15
Q

what ideas did Auguste Comte (France) come up with?

A

1798- 1857: social psychology can be studied in the same way as natural sciences

encouraged positivist philosophy for social psychology

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16
Q

what is positivism?

A

we can obtain knowledge through observations, scientific testing, and building evidence

17
Q

what is empiricism?

A

the philosophy that evidence should be observed by the senses rather than reasoning and rationalising

18
Q

what ideas did Wilhelm Wundt (Germany) come up with?

A

1832- 1920: father of psychology

influenced volkerpsychologie

opened first psychology lab at uni of Leipzig in 1879

experimented on thoughts/ feelings from a stimulus

19
Q

describe the first social psychology experiment

A

performed by Norman Triplett

observed people performed better on a task when competing against others

20
Q

William James (USA)

A

1842- 1910: father of american psychology

first to teach psychology in USA

created psychology lab at Harvard uni

environment had impact on behaviour, hated reductionism

21
Q

why was 1908 so important?

A

UK: William McDougall published intro to SP, focused on evolutionary theory and instincts

Europe: focused on membership pr groups, influence on group of behaviours

USA: Edward Ross published SP, focused on individuals, groups, and crowds, experimental labs, empiricism, psychology of individuals

22
Q

aspects of psychological social psychology (PSP)

A 
America 
  Focus on the individual with social context second 
  Cognitive social psychology
  Biological and behavioural 
  Use of experimental methods 
  Milgram, Bandura, Asch, Sherif
23
Q

aspects of sociological social psychology (SSP)

A 
Europe 
  Focus on social context and its influence on the   
  individual 
  Social constructionism 
  Use of qualitative methods 
  Tajfel, Foucault, Mead
24
Q

advantages of experimental/positivist research methods

A 
Study of human behaviour as a science 
Test hypotheses
Falsify a hypothesis but not prove one 
Measurable and replicable
Objective
Universal and generalisable 
Control over variables
Quantitative analyses
25
Q

advantages of qualitative research methods

A 
Field studies
Case studies
Studies of archives 
Subjective
High ecological validity
Analysis may be qualitative or quantitative
26
Q

disadvantages of experimental/ positivist research methods

A 
Low on ecological validity
  Subject effects such as demand characteristics 
  Experimenter effects 
  Reductionist
  Ignores social context
27
Q

disadvantages of qualitative research methods

A

Not replicable
Idiographic (focussed on individual, personal
experience)
Not easy to extrapolate
Lack of control over data collection, environment
Lack of objective perspective

28
Q

what were the 2 main criticisms for social psychology in the crisis of the 1960s and 1970s?

A

1) Positivist assumptions and use of experimental methods, reductionist explanations of human behaviour
2) Values steeped in individualism

29
Q

how did the European Association of Social Psychology (EASP) deal with the crisis?

A

set up to establish social psychology as a discipline which takes into consideration not only individuals but their social groups, ideological values and social world that they live in.
Focus on:
How identity and behaviour are shaped by group memberships
How language is used to communicate with others
How we understand the world collectively

30
Q

what is social constructionism?

A

We construct our own realities through interactions with others, cognitive functions are a product of interaction with others

31
Q

what is discursive psychology?

A

Analyses text, talk and language. Our social world and positions we take in it are constructed through language, psychological experiences take place through our talk

32
Q

what is phenomenological psychology?

A

Focuses on our conscious experiences and how these experiences influence our sense of self and feelings about being in the world

33
Q

what is critical social psychology?

A

Explores the social, historical and ideological context research is conducted in (situatedness)

34
Q

what methods are used in critical social psychology?

A

Observations
Interviews
Narrative analysis
Discourse analysis

35
Q

aspects of traditional experimental methods

A

Reduce complex human phenomena to measurable
variables and simplistic categories
Present ‘subjects’ as naive stimulus-response
machines and society as invisible or constant
Provides ‘knowledge’ which is technical and
uncritical
Ignores significant personal and contextual features
of research
Claims that social psychology is a science

36
Q

aspects of critical social psychology methods

A

Emphasize the variation, complexity and often
contradictory qualities in human experience
Situate individuals/participants within wider social
contexts
Offer knowledge that is partial, incomplete and critical
Highlights personal and contextual elements within
the research
Doesn’t claim that psychology is a science,
acknowledges it is subjective

social psychology (6 decks)

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