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social behavior final > The Self > Flashcards

The Self Flashcards

1
Q

Reflexive thought

A

Distinction from other animals

Humans are able to think about who we are would like to be and want to be seen by others

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2
Q

Cognitive constructs

A

self and identity are cognitive constructs that influence social interaction and perception

themselves are influenced by society

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3
Q

Psychoanalysis Freud

A

self as hard to understand and analyze (because of the depth of the conscious)

Freud: unsocialise and selfish libinal impulses (the ID) are REPRESSED by internalisied societal norms (the SUPEREGO)

Can come to surface by hypnosis or psychotherapy:

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4
Q

Psychodynamic self

A

Freud: unsocialise and selfish libinal impulses (the ID) are REPRESSED by internalisied societal norms (the SUPEREGO)

Can come to surface by hypnosis or psychotherapy

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5
Q

Collective self

A

Description of other selves, we/us, grounded in group life, group minds

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6
Q

Individual self

A

Description of an individual, myself/me

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7
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

G.H Measure: Human interaction creates the self and is largely symbolic

We interact with words/non-verbal cues that contain more meaning and symbolizes more than behavior

Symbols of interaction must have shared meanings (eg. lets eat it=both know variety of choices)

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8
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Seeing oneself like others do

Studies: people tend to see themselves as they thought others saw them

Problem: We are not actually able to take the role of another person

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9
Q

Self-construal motivations

A

Our motives to view others and be viewed

We try to improve our self-image

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10
Q

Self-enhancing triad

A

We overestimate our good points, control over events, have unrealistic optimism

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11
Q

Role of public/private self-presentation

A

We present ourselves different in private than we would do in public

Self-conception goes into direction of action in public

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12
Q

Self awareness

A

Self awareness is a process in which we pay attention and sense ourselves as an object

Comes and goes and has a huge impact on our lives

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13
Q

Objective self-awareness

A

To be aware of yourself as an object

Fascinated by everything that brings our attention on being an object (mirror/be in front of audience)

We try to bring our self closer to our ideal standards, overcome shortcomings to avoid negative emotions

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14
Q

Self-awareness theory

A

We can be aware of:

Private-self: private thoughts, feelings, attitudes

We try to match our behavior to internalized standards

Public self: public image, how others see us

Try to present yourself to others in a positive light

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15
Q

Deindividuation

A

When people lose their sense of socialized individual identity (eg. though alcohol)

Can’t control their actions, engage in unsocialised/antisocial behavior (engage impulsively)

Reduced objective self-awareness/opposite of self-awareness

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16
Q

Self schemas

A

Similar to schemas but more complex and varied

Attributes that we feel like make us different from others

Different CONTEXTS activate different nodes/aspects of self

We use them in a strategic way (inflexible/clearly divided schemas have disadvantages)

Priming positive/negative self-schema can highly affect our mood and this highly affects our mood

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17
Q

Self-concept

A

No single brain system/area is responsible for our sense of self

Complex and multi-faceted, large number of discrete/separated/single schemas

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18
Q

Integrated self schemas

A

are better for us

EG. James believes: amazing cook/awful musician

Sally believes good cook/not great musician = less boundaries and mood swings

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19
Q

Schematic and aschematic

A

On some dimensions we have more of a clear self-concept than on others

Depends on what’s important to us (eg. convinced of being creative)

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20
Q

Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins 1987)

A

Theory about the consequences of comparing us to our ideal self

Three different types of self-schema

Actual self=How we actually are
Ideal self=How we want to be
Ought self=How we think we should be

Self-guides=Ideal/ought self mobilizes different types of self-related behavior

Self regulation=Strategies we use to match our behavior to the ideal/ought standards

Emotional vulnerability=Self-discrepancies make us emotional vulnerable, and priming an ideal/ought self can make us feel sad/agitated

21
Q

Regulatory focus theory

A

People have two separate self-regulation systems

Linked to self-discrepancy and self-regulation

Promotion-focused people=Look for inspiration/role models/strategies to achieve success

Show motivation on tasks to achieve gains/non-gains

Prevention-focused people=try to avoid failures and negative events

Have negative role models
Motivation on tasks based on loses/non-loses

We are habitually either one or other, depends a lot on our influences in childhood (Reinforcement)

Studies: the promotion focus can lead to behavioral tendencies towards group/against outgroup

22
Q

Making inferences from our behavior

A

We learn about ourselves by examining internal cues (private thoughts/feelings )

If these are weak, we learn through making inferences of our own behavior about ourselves

23
Q

Self-perception theory

A

We make internal/external attribution for our behavior, especially on task performance

Internal attribution/intrinsic interests
=Self-motivation, Working because we enjoy it, often better performance

External attribution/extrinsic rewards
=Working because it pays off, less commitment, avoid challenges

Overjustification effect=Our motivation increases by free will (intrinsic motivation)
Especially if external determinants for our behavior are absent

Trick =Focus more on rewards that are performance contingent than task contingent

Performance-contingent=Characteristics of performance (eg. listening to music while running)

Task-contingent=Features of the task (counting calories while running)

24
Q

Social comparison theory (Festingers 1954)

A

People want to be confident that they behave, think and feel in the right way

We compare ourselves with others and try to adapt a socially approved way of thinking
especially to groups we feel we belong

Performance wise =Make downward comparisons (positive self concept)
(Often occur between groups „we are better than you“)

Upward-comparisons (harmful effect on our self-esteem)
(EG. Silver-medalist, upward comparisons, bronze-medalist downward-comparison)

25
Q

Self-evaluation maintainable model (Abraham Tesser 1988)

A

Peoples self-esteem can be damaged by making upward comparisons

therefore they distance from the relationship

26
Q

„Basking in reflected glory“ Cialdini 1976

A

„Stick to the cool kids“

Improve self-impression by linking oneself with desirable group/people

Also describe/evaluate others in terms of the group they belong to

27
Q

Self-complexity

A

High self-complexity: indipendent aspects of self

Low: more similar set of selves

28
Q

Personal identity

A

Self defined in our unique characteristics that separate us from others

29
Q

Individual relational self

A

attributes that define how we relate to other individuals (form close personal relationships)

30
Q

Individual relational self

A

attributes that define how we relate to other individuals (form close personal relationships)

31
Q

Social identity

A

Part of self concept we form from our membership in social groups and our shared attributes with others

32
Q

Collective relational self

A

How self as group member relates to other group members and outgroups

33
Q

Three types of self according to Brewer and Gorder 1996

A

Individual self=Based on personality traits that make us different from others

Relational self=Based on our relationships with people that are important to us and our roles

Collective self=Based on our group membership and what makes „us“ different from „them“

Example of relational self that can also be type of collective self: women in East Asia are more collectivist than Western Europeans (especially men)

34
Q

Four types of identity (Brewer 2001)

A
  1. person-based social identities
    By internalizing group properties, they become part of our self-concept
  2. relational social identities
    When we define our self in relation to specific others in a group context
    Who interacts with who?
  3. group-based social identities
    Same as social identity= define self in terms of group membership
  4. collective individuals
    Due to process=group defines an image of what they stand for and how they want to be viewed by others
35
Q

Self-coherence

A

We want to feel like a stable person
Maintain an integrated picture of who we are

Difficult for people who suffer schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease

Strategies to construct coherent/steady sense of self (Baumeister 1998)
Get rid of inconsistencies

Work on autobiography, add new identities

Restrict life to limited set of contexts

Actor-observer effect, Self-schemas

36
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

Attribute changes in self to external circumstances rather than internal changes

37
Q

Self-categorization theory

A

Process of categorizing oneself as group member

Results in a social identity and group/intergroup behavior

38
Q

Self assessment

A

Get accurate and valid „true“ information about yourself

Find out what kind of person you really are

Greater self reflection on pheriphal then on central traits of self

39
Q

Self-verification

A

We prefer information consistent with our own self-image

Also on a group level to verify social identity

Greater self reflection on pheriphal then on central traits of self

40
Q

Self-enhancement

A

We are motivated to get information that makes us look good

41
Q

3 classes of motives interacting for self-instruction and search for self knowledge

A

Self-knowledge leads to a good life and people are highly motivated to receive self-knowledge

  1. self-assessment
  2. self-verification
  3. self-enhancement
42
Q

Self-esteem

A

Means the feeling about and evaluation of oneself

43
Q

Automatic egoism

A

Avoid self-confrontation, make external attributions for failures

44
Q

Self-enhancing triad (Shelley Taylor and Jonathan Brown 1988)

A

3 characteristics to enhance our self-image
1. overestimate our good points

Above-average effect
Self-conceptual positivity bias

  1. our control over events
  2. unrealistic optimism
45
Q

Conceptual accurancy

A

Feeling good about oneself needs to be balanced

Self-conceptual positivity bias normally small enough to not be serious threat

46
Q

Stigma

A

attributes of group that transfer a negative social evaluation of people belonging to the group

People belonging to stigmatised groups are good at avoiding self-esteem consequences

47
Q

Narcissm

A

Personality trait that is

Volatile (schwankend/explosiv)
Especially when it comes to self-esteem
Narcissistic personalities more prone to aggression

Comprising (umfassend)
Inflated self-love and view on oneself
Difference to high self-esteem: they can‘t take criticism

48
Q

Terror management theory

A

People make use of their self-esteem to overcome the fear of death

High self-esteem makes people feel good about themselves = immortal, positive, excited about life

49
Q

Self esteem as a sociometer

A

Indicator: Reliable index of social acceptance and belonging (internal monitor)

Self esteem reduces anxiety, social rejection and exclusion

social behavior final (7 decks)

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