the scalp Flashcards
components of the scalp
Skin subCutaneous tissue Aponeneurosis (galea aponeurotica) Loose Connective Tissue Periosteum (pericranium)
why is scalping an easy process
because of the loos subaponeurotictissue
potential site of infection
loose subaponeurotic tissue
V1 nerves
supratrochlear nerve; supraorbital nerve
V2 nerve
zygomatictemporal nerve
auriculotemporal nerve
C2 nerves
less occipital nerve
greater occipital nerve
C3 nerve
third occipital nerve
superficial arteries of the skull (5)
supratrochlear artery supraorbital artery superficial temporal artery posterior auricular artery occipital artery
arteries of the face
supraorbital artery supratrochlear artery angular artery transverse facial artery lateral nasal artery superior and inferior labial arteries maxilarry artery mental artery facial artery superficial temporal artery occipital artery posterior auricular artery internal carotid artery external carotid artery
arteries with interal carotid artery as source
supraorbital artery
supratrochlear artery
superficial veins of the face
superficial temporal vein middle temporal vein maxillary vein retromandibular vein posterior auricular vein external jugular vein internal jugular vein frontal tributary of superficial temporal vein supratrochlear vein superior and inferior opthalmic veins superior and inferior palpebral veins angular vein external nasal vein superior labial vein deep facial vein inferior labial vein submental vein facial vein common facial vein
diploic veins of the skull
parietal emissary vein frontal diploic vein anterior temporal diploic vein occipital diploic vein posterior temporla diploic vein mastoid emissary vein condyloid emissary vein
CN VII
facial nerve and posterior auricular nerve
lacrimal nerve
CN V1
supraorbital nerve
CN V1
zygomaticotemporal nerve
CN V2
auriculotemporal nerve
CN V3
CN V1
supraorbital supratrochlear infratrochlear external nasal lacrimal
CN V2
zygomaticotemporal
zygomaticofacial
infaorbital
CN V3
auriculotemporal
buccal
mental
CN V
trigeminal nerve
greater occipital
C2
third occipital
C3
lesser occipital
C2, C3
great auricular
C2, C3
how to diagnose trigeminal neuralgia
compres the terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve: supraorbital at supraorbital foramen (v/1); infraorbital at infraorbital foramen (V/2); mental at mental foramen (V/3)
trigeminal dermatomes
optalmic V1
maxillary V2
mandibular V3
herpes zoster
limited to one, sometimes two divisions, ipsilateral, activation of latent virus in ganglion cells
trigeminal neuralgia
limited to one, sometimes 2 divisions lancintating pain trigger zones probably nerve compression simple diagnostic test: compress terminal branches of trigeminal nerve (supraorbitalis, infraorbitalis, and mentalis)
what are the mucles of facial expression innervated by
facial [VII] cranial nerve
what are the arteries supplying the muscles of facial expression
facial and maxillary arteries
terminal branches facial nerve (CN VII)
temporal
posterior auricular
terminal branches facial nerve (CN VII)
zygomatic
buccal
cervical
marginal mandibular
muscles of facial expression: motor innervation - CN VII
temporal branch, zygomatic branch, posterior auricular branch, main trunk of VII, cervical branch, mandibular branch, buccal branch
hemifacial spasm
believed to result from irritation (compression of the facial nerve)
uncontrollable ipsilateral facial grimacing due to painless contractions of facial muscles
treated by surgical “decompression” of the facial nerve
bell’s palsy
lesion or inflammation of the facial nerve; unilateral; motor paralysis; often reversible; can result from “missed” injection of local anesthetic
origin of frontal muscle
galea aponeurotica
insertion of frontal muscle
muscles and dermis above and around the nose and eye
innervation of the frontal muscle
temporal branch VII
action of the frontal muscle
wrinkle forehead
raises eyebrow
origin of occipitalis muscle
mastoid process and superior nuchal line
insertion of occipitalis muscle
galea aponeurotica
innervation of the occipitalis muscle
posterior auricular Br. VII
occipitalis action
tightens scalp
origin of the auricularis ant.
temporal fascia
insertion of the auricularis ant.
major helix
innervation of auricularis ant.
temporal VII
action of auricular ant.
pulls ear forward and upward
origin of auricularis med.
temporal fascia
insertion of auricular med.
above ear
innervation of auricular med.
temporal VII
action of auricularis med.
pulls ear upward
origin of auricularis post
mastoid process
insertion of auricular post
posterior ear
innervationof auricular post
post auricular VII
action of auricularis post
pulls ear backward
origin of obicularis oculi
orbital
palepbral
nasal process of frontal
frontal process of maxilla
med. palebral ligament and lacrimal crest
insertion of orbiculari oculi
orbital
papebral
adjacent muscles
lateral palebral raphe
superior and inferior tarsi
innervation of orbicularis oculi
orbital
palpebral
temporal and zygomatic VII
action of orbicularis oculi
orbital
palpebral
closes eye
origin of corrugators supercilli
medial aspect of supercillary arch
insertion of corrugators supercilli
dermis around supraorbital foramen
innervation of corrugators supercilli
temporal and zygomatic br VII
action of corrugators supercilli
wrinkles eyebrows
origin of procerus
fascia of nasal bone
insertion of procerus
dermis over giabella
innervation of procerus
buccal VII
action of procerus
depresses eyebrows
origin of nasalis
maxilla and alar cartilage
insertion of nasalis
dermis of nose
innervation of nasalis
buccal VII
action of nasalis
dilates nares
origin of lebator labil superioris
maxilla aboce the infraorbital foramen
insertion of the levator superioris
upper lip
innervation of levator labii superioris
buccal
action of levator labii superioris
elevates upper lip
origin of levator labii superiors alaque nasi
frontal process of maxilla
insertion of levator labii superioris alaque nasi
upper lip and alar cartilage of nose
innervation of levator labii superioris alaque nasi
buccal
action of levator labii superioris alaque nasi
elevates upper lip
origin of levator anguli oris
canine fossa of maxillary bone
insertion of levator anguli oris
corner of mouth
innervation of levator anguli oris
buccal of VII
action of levator anguli oris
lifts corner of mouth
origin of zygomaticus major
temproal process of zygoma
insertion of zygomaticus minor
upper lip medial to corner of mouth
innervation of zygomaticus minor
buccal of VII
action of zygomaticus minor
elevates upper lip
origin of risorius
maseteric fascia
insertion of risorius
corner of mouth
innervation of risorius
buccal and mandibular VII
action of risorius
smile muscle
origin of depressor anguli oris
mandible, oblique line
insertion of depressor anguli oris
corner of mouth
innervation of depressor anguli oris
mandibular and buccal VII
action of depressor anguli oris
depresses corner of mouth
origin of depressor labii inferioris
mandible, oblique line
insertion of depressor labii inferioris
lower lip
innervation of depressor labii inferioris
mandibular and buccal VII
action of depressor labii inferioris
depresses lower lip
origin of mentalis
incisive fossa
insertion of mentalis
dermis
innervation of mentalis
mandibular and buccal VII
action of mentalis
wrinkle chin, protude lower lip
origin of orbicularis oris
surrounding muscles
insertion of orbicularis oris
dermis and buccinators
innervation of orbicularis oris
buccal VII
action of orbicularis oris
closes, purses and protrudes lips
origin of platysma
pectroal and deltoid fascia
insertion of platysma
inferior border of mandible
innervation of platysma
cervical VII
action of platysma
depresses madible, corner of mouth, lower lip
facial artery distribution
- inferior labial
- superior labial
- lateral nasal
- angular
- muscular branches
superfical temporal artery distrbution
- transverse facial
- branches to parotid gland
- anterior auricular branch
- middle temporal branches
- zygomatico-orbital branch
- frontal branches
- parietal branches
maxillary artery superficial branches
a. infraorbital - facial branches
b. buccal
c. inferior alveolar
d. mental
opthalmic artery superfical branches
a. supraorbital
b. supratrochlear
c. dorsal nasal
d. zygomaticofacial
venous drainage from the face
- facial V.
- superficial temporal V.
- retromandibular V.
- opthalmic veins
- maxillary v and pterygoid plexus
cavernous sinuses
provide a major intersectiomn between orbital veins and many other dural sinuses
borders for the danger area of the face
upper lip, lateral aspect of nose, corner of teh eye just superior to supraorbital ridge
problem with danger area of the face
squeezing zits and boils can cause infection which drains into the cavernous sinus directly or via communications with opthalmic veins
external carotid artery supplies
facial artery
superficial temproal artery
maxillary artery
facial artery supplies
inf. labial
sup. labial
angular
superficial temporal artery supplies
trans. facial
internal carotid artery supplies
opthalmic artery
opthalmic artery supplies
supratrochlear artery
supraorbital artery
facial vein supplies
angular
sup. labial
inf. labial
superficial temporal vein supplies
trans. facial
retromandibular vein forms
external jugular vein with posterior auriclular
opthalmic vein supplies
superior
inferior
veins of the superficial face
facial superficial temporal retromandibular (with posterior auricular) opthalmic pterygoid plexus maxillary
primary lymph nodes of the head and face
occipitalis retroauricularis parotid (superfical and deep) submandibular submentalis retropharyngeal
occipitalis lymph nodes
from occipital region
retroauricularis lymph nodes
from head region behind the ear, posterior portion of posterior region of external acoustic meatus and middle ear
parotid (superficial and deep)
from anterior portion of ear, temporalis region of face, superior palpebra
submandibularis
superficial regions of nose, lower palpebra, upper limb and teeth, lower molar teeth, lateral portion of lower limb, middle and posterior portions of tongue, hard palate
submentalis
from anterior portion of lower limn, lower incisors, tip of the tongue
retropharyngeal
from upper pharynx, middle ear, soft palate, posterior regions of nose, orbit
secondary lymph nodes in the neck
superficial and and deep cervical lymph nodes
superficial and and deep cervical lymph nodes
functon as primary nodes and colelct lymph from tonsilla palatina and lingualis, last lower molar teeth, radix of the tongue
