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HISTORY THEME 1 > The Russian Autocracy In 1855 > Flashcards

The Russian Autocracy In 1855 Flashcards

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1
Q

How was the Tsar regarded ?

A

The Tsar regarded as the embodiment of God on earth, controlling the Russian Orthodox Church.

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2
Q

What did the Tsar own in the eyes of the Church

A

Russian lands and the Russian people were his children

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3
Q

What were Russians taught ?

A

To shown devotion to their Tsar and accept their conditions on earth as Gods will

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4
Q

What was closely entwined ?

A

The church and state

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5
Q

Who was chosen by the Tsar ?

A

Advisers and ministers

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6
Q

What was the purpose of the nobility

A

To keep order k. Their estates and might serve as provincial governors or in special committees appointed by thenTsar

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7
Q

How where orders passed down in the government?

A

Through a bureaucracy orders were passed down from the central government to the provinces and In turn to the districts and towns

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8
Q

What was the conditions of the bureaucracy like?

A

Riddled with corruption and incompetence

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9
Q

How much of the army was full of serfs ?

A

1.5 million

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10
Q

How long was service in the army in 1855 ?

A

25 years

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11
Q

How much of the governments annual expenditure was spent on the military

A

45%

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12
Q

Who where the higher ranks in the army taken by ?

A

Prestigious posts for nobles

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13
Q

What did the elite regiments in the army do ?

A

They had special social privileges and acted both as a personal body guard to the Tsar and as police reinforcements

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14
Q

What had Russia developed into

A

A police state

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15
Q

What was rights were prevented in 1855?

A

Freedom of speech, press and travel abroad were prevented

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16
Q

What was enforced in 1855

A

Censorship

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17
Q

Who tan the secret state security

A

Third section

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18
Q

What did the agents of the Third section have the right to do ?

A

Ultimate powers to carry out raids arrest and ensure the imprisonment or exile of anyone suspected of anti tsarist behaviour

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19
Q

How much of the population in 1855 was made up of peasants serfs

A

50%

20
Q

How many serfs were privately owned ?

A

Over half

21
Q

What did state serfs pay ?

A

Taxes and rent

22
Q

Where did most state serfs reside ?

A

Worked and lived in the village communes and these conditions where primitive

23
Q

What were most serfs ?

A

Illiterate but deeply religious, superstitious and hostile to change

24
Q

What was the political developments ?

A

By the 19th century liberal ideas were spearfish from the west and many Russian intellectuals were arguing for a civil society based in the rule of law

25
Q

What did Tsar Nicholas 1st sought to maintain ?

A

Autocracy and to distance Russia from the west

26
Q

What did Nicholas 1sr reign culminate in ?

A

Military defeats in the Crimea war which bought the need to for change to the new Tsars attention

27
Q

What was the Economic situation by 1855

A

Britain, grand and the German states were industrially advanced meanwhile the Russian economy trained predominantly rural

28
Q

What was Russians economy so backwards ?

A

Inhospitable territory and climate limited Russias economic progress as well was the serf based economy

29
Q

What did the serf based economy limit ?

A

Forces thag drive change , wage earners, markets and entrepreneurs

30
Q

Why are there no Wage earners in Russia

A

There was little
Opportunity for them to develop into wage earners

31
Q

Why was there little opportunity for serfs to develop into wage earners ?

A

Serfs were poor and most only manage to survive on the produce they grew starvation was common in the winter

Land management systems meant that individual serf families worked in scattered strips following communal farming patterns.

32
Q

Why was there a low internal market demand ?

A

Money was irrelevant and there was no internal market demand

33
Q

Describe the internal market in Russia in 1855

A

Few goods were purchased but exchanged, some areas market forces were beginning to develop as peasants sought wage work in towns when farming was slack

34
Q

How could Russian people become entrepreneurs in 1855 ?

A

Small landowning elite could largely obtain what they needed by squeezing it from their serfs through service and feudal dues

35
Q

Why was there not many entrepreneurs in Russia in 1855?

A

Landowners were in debt money was of little use to them therefore there was little incentive to seek alternative ways of making money

36
Q

Describe the social context of Russia in 1855

A

Russia was divided between the privileged land owning elite and the serf majority

37
Q

Who was in the non productive classes

A

Royal court
Clergy Nobility Civil and Army and
Military Naval
officials Officers

38
Q

How much of the population owned 75% of the land

A

10%

39
Q

Who was in the productive classes

A

Urban artisans
Manufactures
Merchants
Peasant serf

40
Q

What classes was not present in 1855

A

No coherent middle class, but there was a small number of professionals some of who comprised ab educated intelligentsia

41
Q

What caused the Turks to declare war on Russia in October 1853 ?

A

Nichols attempts to increase Russian influence across the Black Sea in which the Ottoman Empire was

42
Q

What did the Russians loose by September 1855

A

Sebastopol a major naval base

43
Q

What added the final humiliation to Russia ?

A

Treaty of Paris 1856, prevented Russia warships from using the black sea in peacetime

44
Q

What had the Crimea war revealed about Russians military

A
  • outdated technology
  • poor transport
  • inadequate leadership
  • the problems of having a conscripted army
45
Q

What did the Crimean war kick start ?

A

Trade had been disrupted
Peasant uprising had escalated
Intelligentsia were appealing for action to close the gap between Russia and the West

46
Q

What did Russias failure in the Crimean War proved ?

A

Wake up call
1855 marked the accession of a new Tsar and a nee generation of liberal minded nobles

HISTORY THEME 1 (7 decks)

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