The Autocracy of Alexander II and Alexander III Flashcards
What was the reason for reaction
Reactionary conservatives emphasised that the reforms had gone too far and were sealing the church and nobility
Found assignations attempts on Alexander’s
Who was the new education minister
Tolstoy
What forms on education were implemented by Tolstoy
- Zemstvas powers over education were reduced
- Chruch regained its authority
- higher schools were ordered to follow a traditional classical curriculum
- in the unis more liberal courses were replaced by a traditional curriculum, censorship was tightened
Who was the new head of the third section
Shuvalov
What did Shuvalov increase
The persecution of ethnic and religious minorities
Searches and arrests increased political offenders could be prosecuted under emergency powers
What was held I order to deterr others from revolutionary activity
Show trials
What where the pressures in the late 1870s?
Attempt assassinations
Pressure from reactionary conservatives
Industrial recession
Famine
How did Alexander II attempt to reduce unrest
By wondering demographic consultation appointing count Loris Melikov minister for internal affaires
What did count Loris - Melikov do ?
Relaxed many redirections and a blushed the third section transferring its powers to the Okhraba
When and what did Loris-Melikovs constitution recommend
Including elected representatives in debating some state decreed
When did Alexander III reigned
1881
What was AIII terrified of
Revolutionary activity
Who was AIII influenced by
Pobedonostsev who believed in nationalisms and anti-semitism
What did AIII do at the start of his reign ?
- publicly hanged the conspirators involved in his father’s assassination
- Abandoned Loris proposals
- accepted the resignations of reforming ministers
Why was introduced in 1889 with the local government
‘Land captains’
- state appointed
- could override elections to the Zemstva
- responsible for law enforcement and government in the country side and could overturn court judgments
What was introduced in the local government in 1890
Zemstvo election arrangements
- peasants voted reduced
- Zemstva placed under central government control
What introduced in 1892 in local governments
Towns councils election arrangements altered
- electorate reduced to the owners of property above a certain value
- Mayor and town councils became state employees
How did the police change under AIII
The number of police was increased
New branches of criminal investigation department were set up
Sipes and agents were Recruited
What have the police an abundance of power
The 1882 statute state on police surveillance
Any area of the empire could be deemed as an area of subversion and police agents could search arrest detain or question anyone one who committed a crime
How was the judicial system changed under AIII
- decrees if 1885, 1887 and 1888 have greater powers to the Minsitry of justice
- 1887 the property and educational qualifications needed by juror were raised
-1889 the Volost courts were out under the direct jurisdiction of the land captain
How was education changed under AIII
- uni for women was closed
- separate uni chiefs closed
- low class children were restricted to primary education
- only 21% if the population was literate by 1890
- The government failed to prevent student involvement in illegal political movement’s
What was the impact of counter reform
May 1881 redemption fees were reduced and arrears were cancelled in the central provinces
May 1885 Poll tax was abolished
1883 peasants land banks established
