The Growth Of Oppistion To Tsarist Rule

Question 1

What did Westernisers believe In

Answer 1

Wanted Russia to adopt western values
Hoped for western style economic and military reform
Favoured representative assemblies with civil liberties and less power to the Orthodox Church

Question 2

How did westerners express their views ?

Answer 2

Through the zemstva and hope that the increase in local decision making would lead to greater national representation

Question 3

What did slavophlies believe in

Answer 3

Wanted to preserve Russians culture and heritage as the country modernised
Preferred to rest in the peasant based society
Wanted to preserve the principles of the orthodox church

Question 4

When did Slavophlies decline in influence

Answer 4

1890s as industrialisation progressed and western style socialist movements began to grow

Question 5

What marked a significant point in the growth of opposition

Answer 5

Famine 1891-92

As the government failed to provide adequate reprieve the zemstva largely assumed responsibility for improving conditions and the intelligentsia demanded for a greater role in public affairs

Question 6

What was the state of the intelligentsia but 1890s

Answer 6

They where split some remained moderate liberals and continued to hope for a reform of Tsardom

Question 7

What became popular amongst the younger generation in 1860s

Answer 7

Nihilism

Question 8

What did the group ‘young Russia’ publish in 1862?

Answer 8

A manifesto in which they argued for ‘bloody and merciless revolution’

Question 9

When was the youth group the ‘Organization’ set up ?

Answer 9

1863

Question 10

Who was the ‘organization’ set up by ?

Answer 10

Students at Moscow University and also called for radical reform.

Question 11

Name a radical thinkers

Answer 11

Chernyshevsky , author whose writing suggested the peasants should be leaders of revolutionary change

Question 12

When was the Tchaikovsky circle set up

Answer 12

1868-69

Question 13

What did Tchaikovsky circle do ?

Answer 13

They where a literary society which organised the printing, publishing and distribution of scientific and revolutionary literature

Question 14

What did the Tchaikovsky circle organise to do ?

Answer 14

From 1872 it organised workers with the intention of sending them to work among the peasants in the country side

Question 15

Who had the idea of ‘going to the people’

Answer 15

Populist

Question 16

What did Lavrov encourage the populists to do in 1874?

Answer 16

Encourage 2000 young men and women mainly from the nobility and intelligentsia to travel to the country side

Question 17

Why did the populists go to the people

Answer 17

In order to exploit peasant discontent and persuade the peasantry that Russians future depended on developing the peasant commune

Question 18

Why did going to the people not work ?

Answer 18

Peasants ignorance, superstition and loyalty to the tsar ensured that the i comers were reported to the authorities. 1600 were arrested

Question 19

Even though going to the people failed what did it show the government ?

Answer 19

The depth of feeling of it’s opposition

Question 20

When was land and liberty set up

Answer 20

1877

Question 21

What did the members of land and liberty sought to do ?

Answer 21

Work within the peasant communes but more discreetly carrying on the populist tradition

Question 22

Was land and liberty popular ?

Answer 22

They gained much public sympathy and sometimes talked with the zemstva in order to press for constitutional reform

Question 23

When and what did land and liberty split into ?

Answer 23

1879
The peoples will and the black partition

Question 24

What was the aims of the black partion ?

Answer 24

Wanted to share the black soil provinces of Russia among the peasants and hoped to stimulate social change without violence

Question 25

What was the peoples will aims ?

Answer 25

Advocated I lent methods undermining government by assassinating officials

Question 26

Who assassinated Alexander II ?

Answer 26

The people’s will

Question 27

After 1881 how did opposition groups manage to still have an impact ?

Answer 27

Underground societies continued to translate and reproduce the writings of foreign socialists
Contact with radicals in exile

Question 28

I’m 1883 what did Plekhanov establish

Answer 28

The emancipation of labour group with translated and arranged for Marxists tracts to be smuggled into Russia

Question 29

What did Plekhanov suggest revolutionaries should do ?

Answer 29

Concentrate their activities among workers in the cities as it was the proletariat that would drive a socialist revolution

Question 30

What opposition was caught in March 1887 ?

Answer 30

A group who made bombs in order to assassinate AIII was arrested and 5 members were later hanged

Question 31

What was opposition like by 1890s ?

Answer 31

The growth of industrialisation led to the development of worker’s organisations illegal trade unions, Marxist discussion circles and other groups