The role of the mitochondria in aging

Question 1

Which energy substrate can be used by mitochondria to generate ATP

Answer 1

pyruvate

Question 2

The Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyses pyruvate entry into mitochondria - this complex is regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases , Do they activate or inhibit the PDC

Answer 2

inhibit

in pyruvate entry into the mitochondria - the PDC plays a key role. PDK reduce pyruvate entry . Dichloroacetate DCA is a PDK inhibitor - the clinical situation requiring DCA treatment in lactic acidosis

Question 3

Which electron transport chain complexes generates superoxide radical

Answer 3

Complexes 1 and 3

Question 4

how many mitochondria complexes are there

Answer 4

5 
Complex I - NADH dehydrogenase 
Complex II - Succinate dehydrogenase 
Complex III - cytochrome C oxidoredcuatase 
Complex 4 - Cytohrome C oxidase 
complex 5 - ATP synthase

Question 5

ROS - unpaired electrons - are not always bad besides being a pancreatic insulin secretion requiring this for signalling why else can they be useful

Answer 5

used to kill pathogens - released from phagocytic cells

Question 6

3 enzymatic detoxification of ROS

Answer 6

SOD - superoxide dusmutasies
catalse
glutathione peroxidase GPx

Question 7

What Is the largest mitochondrial complex and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is encoded - deficiency of this complex leas to Leigh disease
has 2-4 subunits ( soluble and membrane bound (C&D))
specific mutation of this lead to tumorigenesis and glycolytic shift

Answer 7

complex 1

Question 8

this complex has 4 subunits ( soluble and membrane bound (C&D))
specific mutation of this lead to tumorigenesis and glycolytic shift
mutations can also lead to Leigh disease - fatal

Answer 8

complex 2

Question 9

this is the least common respriatory chain deficiency - made of 11 subunits with 1 encoded by mitochondrial genome and the other 10 from DNA which is why mutation is rare
how mutation will leads to defects in liver, muscle, Brain, heart and kidneys

Answer 9

Complex 3

Question 10

this uses the protein cytochrome C oxidase and is composed of 13 subunits with 2 subunits from mitochondrial genome COX1-3
it catalysis the transfer of electrons to ferrocytochrome c to oxygen to generate O2
most important for energy production

Answer 10

complex 4

Question 11

this complex is referred to a water mill - proton gradient generated by ATP synthase - proton flow down gradient made of 30 subunits

Answer 11

complex 5

Question 12

mother or fathers pass on mitochondrial disease

Answer 12

mothers - mitochondria alleles this side

it this kind of disease could use a 3 parent baby

Question 13

Which mitochondrial complex is least likely to be damaged by excessive ROS

Answer 13

complex 3 as only has 1 subunit

Question 14

Which mitochondrial complex is the largest

Answer 14

complex 1 as has most different subunits