The kidneys anatomical anomalies Flashcards
when can the left renal vein be compressed and what symptoms are seen
passing anterior to aorta and poster to superior mesenteric artery
causes bulging of the left testicualr/ovarian vein
what is hydronephrosis
distended calyces
what are the 3 places where the ureter is narrowest
leaving the kidney
crossing the bifurcation of the common iliac anteriorly
entering the bladder
chronic hypoxia stimulates release of what - this is marked in high numbers
EPO release
a urinary tract infection is more common in women than in men
what are some major symptoms
cloudy urine with leukocytes present
back pain
treatment for UTI
treat with 3 days of nitrofurantoin
switch to trimethoprim if not working
what are the 4 types of urinary incontinence
stress incontinence
urge incontinence
overflow incontinence
total incontinence
what is stress incontinence
urine leaks when bladder is under pressure
what is urge incontinence
urine leaks when a sudden urge to pee comes
what is overflow incontinence ( chronic urinary retention)
unable to fully empty bladder
what it total incontinence
unable to store any urine
bladder stabilising drugs
antimuscarinics can be used what examples are there
oxybutynin ( avoid in frail older women)
tolterodine
darifenancin
beta 3 agonists can be used to stabilise the bladder and useful if concern about elderly frail patents - what example of this drug could you use
mirabegron
what drug can you give for stress incontinence
Duloxetine for stress incontinence – combined noradraline and SRI for women who decline surgery
