the role of liver and adipose tissue and B-oxidation

Question 1

what organ forms LPL complexes to transport lipids synthesized by the body (endogenous)?

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

the liver also synthesizes new lipids from non-lipid precursors such as?

Answer 2

glucose and amino acids

Question 3

chylomicron remnants delivered to the liver repackage lipids into?

Answer 3

HDL and VLDL forms

Question 4

after eating a meal, what enters into the portal blood?

Answer 4

glucose, amino acids and medium chain fatty acids

Question 5

what happens to the fuel we supply depends on what?

Answer 5

metabolic state

Question 6

what delivers TAG and cholesterol to adipose tissue?

Answer 6

chylomicrons

Question 7

adipose is a major storage site for?

Answer 7

TAGs

Question 8

what name is used to describe the constant lipolysis/ re-esterification to form TAG?

Answer 8

TAG flux

Question 9

what is TAG flux regulated by?

Answer 9

nutrition
metabolic state
hormonal factors

Question 10

adipocyte FA can be synthesized from what?

Answer 10

glucose

Question 11

adipocyte FA is stimulated by what?

Answer 11

insulin which lets the glucose in the cell

Question 12

what strongly inhibits HSL which hydrolyzes stored TAG?

Answer 12

insulin

Question 13

what increases the availability and uptake of FA in adipocytes?

Answer 13

insulin

Question 14

during fasting what happens to blood glucose and insulin?

Answer 14

they both decrease and glucagon is secreted

Question 15

what does fasting do to HSL?

Answer 15

lowers inhibit/ stimulates

Question 16

what does fasting do to lipolysis in adipose tissue?

Answer 16

stimulates it

Question 17

during fasting, FFA from adipose tissue are transported in the blood with albumin to the liver or muscle cells and then?

Answer 17

oxidized for energy

Question 18

where does B-oxidation occur?

Answer 18

mitochondrial matrix

Question 19

when a FA is connected to CoA it is called?

Answer 19

acyl-CoA

Question 20

what is the enzyme needed to form acyl-CoA?

Answer 20

Acyl CoA synthetase

Question 21

the linkage between CoA and FA is driven by?

Answer 21

ATP

Question 22

activating a FA to form acyl-CoA takes place where?

Answer 22

outer mitochondrial membrane

Question 23

ATP is consumed in the process of activating a FA, what enzyme is needed?

Answer 23

pyrophosphatase- makes the reaction irreversible

Question 24

SCFA can pass directly into the?

Answer 24

mitochondrial matrix

Question 25

what transport system is used for LCFA and their CoA derivatives to pass into the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 25

carnitine transport- carnitine palmitotransferase complex CPT

Question 26

CPT complex consists of?

Answer 26

CPT I acylcarntine translocase CPT II

Question 27

what is the rate limiting step of CPT complex?

Answer 27

CPT I

Question 28

what inhibits the CPT complex?

Answer 28

malonyl- CoA- 1st inhibited step in FA synthesis

Question 29

what are the 4 steps of B-oxidation?

Answer 29

Oxidation Hydration Oxidation Thiolysis OHOT

Question 30

what enzyme is needed for oxidation of acyl-CoA?

Answer 30

acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Question 31

in the hydration step of B-oxidation, what is added and what enzyme is needed?

Answer 31

oxygen is added and a hydratase is needed

Question 32

during oxidation II of B-oxidation, what enzyme is needed and what is the product?

Answer 32

hydrogenase and NADH gains H+

Question 33

during the 4th step of B-oxidation, thyiolysis the bond is broken by what enzyme and what is the product?

Answer 33

thiolase breaks the bond and acetyl CoA is the product

Question 34

every time you run B-oxidation, what happens to Acyl CoA?

Answer 34

it is 2 carbons shorter each time

Question 35

what are all the products of B-oxidation?

Answer 35

FADH2 and NADH- go to ETS | Acetyl CoA- krebs cycle

Question 36

what 2 additional enzymes are required for unsaturated FA degradation?

Answer 36

reductase | isomerase

Question 37

the reductase step added when degradation of USFA does what and has what product?

Answer 37

it reduces double bonds and its product is NADPH + H+

Question 38

both reductase and isomerase as added steps happen where in the cycle?

Answer 38

in between oxidation I and hydration

Question 39

odd chain FA are degraded 2 by 2 just like even chain but what makes them different?

Answer 39

we are left with propionyl CoA

Question 40

B-oxidation occurs where?

Answer 40

liver

Question 41

what stimulates B-oxidation?

Answer 41

hormones- epinephrine, norepinephrine and glucagon | low energy/ ATP

Question 42

what inhibits B-oxidation?

Answer 42

``` Insulin High energy High glucose High NADH/NAD+ High Malonyl CoA High Acetyl CoA ```

Question 43

what is the rate limiting step of B-oxidation?

Answer 43

carnitine shuttle

Question 44

what increases malonyl CoA?

Answer 44

increased glucose

Question 45

AMP stimulates or inhibits FA oxidation?

Answer 45

stimulates

Question 46

AMP stimulates or inhibits FA synthesis?

Answer 46

inhibits