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biochem 2 ex. 2 > fat burning > Flashcards

fat burning Flashcards

1
Q

fatty acid carbon chains vary from _____ carbons in food and body tissues?

A

4-24

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2
Q

fatty acids have what 2 types of ends?

A

polar hydrophilic and non-polar hydrophobic end

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3
Q

what are the 2 unsaturated fatty acids that cannot be synthesized and must be acquired through diet?

A

linoleic acid

a-linoleic acid

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4
Q

excluding fat completely from diet can result in?

A

retarded growth
dermatitis
kidney lesions
early death

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5
Q

most stored fat in the body is in the form of?

A

TAG- triacylglycerol/ triglycerides

highly concentrated form of energy

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6
Q

TAG account for nearly _____ of dietary fat?

A

95%

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7
Q

where are most TAGs stored in the body?

A

subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue

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8
Q

only 1-2% of TAGs are stored in?

A

skeletal muscle

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9
Q

cytosolic lipid droplets are present in many cell types and located in?

A

cytosol

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10
Q

cytosolic lipid droplets protect from?

A

lipotoxicity by storing excess free fatty acids

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11
Q

cytosolic lipid droplets are what type of lipid?

A

neutral/ storage form

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12
Q

proteins that regulate lipid storage and hydrolysis are called?

A

perilipins

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13
Q

perilipins also control?

A

lipid homeostasis

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14
Q

when adipose lipid storage spills over into non-adipose like muscle, liver or pancreas its called?

A

ectopic fat

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15
Q

chronic lipid spill over may be related to?

A

insulin resistance and lipotoxicity

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16
Q

IMTG or intramuscular triglycerides are a source of FA used during?

A

exercise (increased energy expenditure)

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17
Q

breakdown/ catabolism of FA is called?

A

lypolysis

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18
Q

hydrolysis of TAGS is also called?

A

lypolysis

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19
Q

where is most dietary TAG broken down?

A

small intestines

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20
Q

partially hydrolyzed lipid emulsion leaves the stomach and enters?

A

SI- small intestine

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21
Q

what does the pancreatic lipase break the TAG into?

A

DAG, MAG and FFA

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22
Q

how do medium chain FA (fewer than 10-12 C) enter the enterocytes?

A

they pass from the enterocyte directly into the portal blood, bind with albumin and are transported to the liver

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23
Q

long chain FA are added to DAG and MAG to form?

A

TAG

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24
Q

once TAGs are formed from LCFA they are incorporated into lipoprotein complexes and leave by?

A

exocytosis to enter the lymph

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25
what is formed at the enterocyte to transport dietary lipid and cholesterol?
lipoprotein complex (chylomicron)
26
by cleaving an ester bond you release a?
FA
27
what are the protein components of lipoproteins?
apolipoproteins
28
what transports lipids from tissue to tissue supplying the lipid needs of different cells?
lipoprotein complexes (chylomicrons)
29
chylomicrons deliver dietary lipids to tissues other than the?
liver
30
apolipoproteins are specific for receptors on?
cell surfaces
31
examples of tissues that chylomicron deliver dietary lipids to?
muscle and adipose tissue (80%)
32
what is the most abundant lipid in the diet and most abundant lipid in chylomicrons?
TAG- triacylglycerol
33
as TAGs are removed they become what?
chylomicron remnants
34
what is responsible for the breakdown of TAGs from lipoprotein complexes?
vascular lipolysis
35
where is lipoprotein lipase active?
at the endothelial surface of the capillaries
36
is lipoprotein lipase intracellular or extracellular?
extracellular
37
where is lipoprotein lipase produced?
target tissues by muscle and fat cells
38
where does LPL (lipoprotein lipase) need to find its way to?
the lumen of the capillary
39
in the muscle, what happens to FA?
it is oxidized for energy
40
skeletal muscle LPL is higher in what type of individuals?
those who are trained and exercise regularly
41
what process exports FFA to non-adipose tissue?
intracellular lipolysis
42
what are the 3 intracellular lipases?
ATGL- adipose triglyceride lipase HSL- hormone sensitive lipase MGL- monoacylglycerol lipase
43
complete hydrolysis of TAG yields?
glycerol and 3 FA's
44
what is the job of ATGL?
it is the enzyme that breaks TAGs into DAG and FFA
45
ATGL is stimulated by?
glucocorticoids and fasting
46
what is ATGL inhibited by?
insulin and food intake
47
what is a lipid droplet associated with protein regulation?
perilipin 1
48
with hormone stimulation (B-adrenergic), perilipin-1 is phosphorylated by?
PKA- protein kinase A
49
when perilipin-1 is phosphorylated it gives HSL access to?
lipid droplet
50
HSL and perilipin are both phosphorylated during?
B-adrenergic stimulation (epinephrine or norepinephrine)
51
what prevents phosphorylation of perilipin-1 and HSL?
insulin
52
what else does insulin inhibit as a reminder from before?
ATGL
53
describe the steps for HSL phosphorylation
1. hormone attaches to the receptor on the cell membrane 2. Adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP 3. cAMP stimulates PKA 4. PKA phosphorylates HSL (activates it)
54
do muscles contain perilipin-1?
no
55
in skeletal muscle, B-adrenergic stimulation does what to HSL?
phosphorylates it to its active form
56
what does MGL- monoacylglycerol lipase do?
breaks MAG into a FFA and glycerol
57
what can glycerol store?
FA and TAG
58
where is glycerol transported to?
the liver or other tissues to be phosphorylated
59
what is the enzyme required for glycerol to be phosphorylated?
glycerokinase
60
what can carry up to 10 FFA per protein monomer?
albumin
61
what are FFA bound to in the blood?
serum albumin
62
which enzyme is needed for G-3-P to be converted into DHAP for glycolysis?
glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
63
what is G-3-P used for in this process?
store FA as TAG and for phospholipid synthesis

biochem 2 ex. 2 (8 decks)

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