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biochem 2 ex. 2 > fat burning > Flashcards

fat burning Flashcards

1
Q

fatty acid carbon chains vary from _____ carbons in food and body tissues?

A

4-24

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2
Q

fatty acids have what 2 types of ends?

A

polar hydrophilic and non-polar hydrophobic end

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3
Q

what are the 2 unsaturated fatty acids that cannot be synthesized and must be acquired through diet?

A

linoleic acid

a-linoleic acid

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4
Q

excluding fat completely from diet can result in?

A

retarded growth
dermatitis
kidney lesions
early death

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5
Q

most stored fat in the body is in the form of?

A

TAG- triacylglycerol/ triglycerides

highly concentrated form of energy

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6
Q

TAG account for nearly _____ of dietary fat?

A

95%

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7
Q

where are most TAGs stored in the body?

A

subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue

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8
Q

only 1-2% of TAGs are stored in?

A

skeletal muscle

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9
Q

cytosolic lipid droplets are present in many cell types and located in?

A

cytosol

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10
Q

cytosolic lipid droplets protect from?

A

lipotoxicity by storing excess free fatty acids

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11
Q

cytosolic lipid droplets are what type of lipid?

A

neutral/ storage form

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12
Q

proteins that regulate lipid storage and hydrolysis are called?

A

perilipins

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13
Q

perilipins also control?

A

lipid homeostasis

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14
Q

when adipose lipid storage spills over into non-adipose like muscle, liver or pancreas its called?

A

ectopic fat

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15
Q

chronic lipid spill over may be related to?

A

insulin resistance and lipotoxicity

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16
Q

IMTG or intramuscular triglycerides are a source of FA used during?

A

exercise (increased energy expenditure)

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17
Q

breakdown/ catabolism of FA is called?

A

lypolysis

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18
Q

hydrolysis of TAGS is also called?

A

lypolysis

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19
Q

where is most dietary TAG broken down?

A

small intestines

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20
Q

partially hydrolyzed lipid emulsion leaves the stomach and enters?

A

SI- small intestine

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21
Q

what does the pancreatic lipase break the TAG into?

A

DAG, MAG and FFA

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22
Q

how do medium chain FA (fewer than 10-12 C) enter the enterocytes?

A

they pass from the enterocyte directly into the portal blood, bind with albumin and are transported to the liver

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23
Q

long chain FA are added to DAG and MAG to form?

A

TAG

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24
Q

once TAGs are formed from LCFA they are incorporated into lipoprotein complexes and leave by?

A

exocytosis to enter the lymph

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25
Q

what is formed at the enterocyte to transport dietary lipid and cholesterol?

A

lipoprotein complex (chylomicron)

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26
Q

by cleaving an ester bond you release a?

A

FA

27
Q

what are the protein components of lipoproteins?

A

apolipoproteins

28
Q

what transports lipids from tissue to tissue supplying the lipid needs of different cells?

A

lipoprotein complexes (chylomicrons)

29
Q

chylomicrons deliver dietary lipids to tissues other than the?

A

liver

30
Q

apolipoproteins are specific for receptors on?

A

cell surfaces

31
Q

examples of tissues that chylomicron deliver dietary lipids to?

A

muscle and adipose tissue (80%)

32
Q

what is the most abundant lipid in the diet and most abundant lipid in chylomicrons?

A

TAG- triacylglycerol

33
Q

as TAGs are removed they become what?

A

chylomicron remnants

34
Q

what is responsible for the breakdown of TAGs from lipoprotein complexes?

A

vascular lipolysis

35
Q

where is lipoprotein lipase active?

A

at the endothelial surface of the capillaries

36
Q

is lipoprotein lipase intracellular or extracellular?

A

extracellular

37
Q

where is lipoprotein lipase produced?

A

target tissues by muscle and fat cells

38
Q

where does LPL (lipoprotein lipase) need to find its way to?

A

the lumen of the capillary

39
Q

in the muscle, what happens to FA?

A

it is oxidized for energy

40
Q

skeletal muscle LPL is higher in what type of individuals?

A

those who are trained and exercise regularly

41
Q

what process exports FFA to non-adipose tissue?

A

intracellular lipolysis

42
Q

what are the 3 intracellular lipases?

A

ATGL- adipose triglyceride lipase
HSL- hormone sensitive lipase
MGL- monoacylglycerol lipase

43
Q

complete hydrolysis of TAG yields?

A

glycerol and 3 FA’s

44
Q

what is the job of ATGL?

A

it is the enzyme that breaks TAGs into DAG and FFA

45
Q

ATGL is stimulated by?

A

glucocorticoids and fasting

46
Q

what is ATGL inhibited by?

A

insulin and food intake

47
Q

what is a lipid droplet associated with protein regulation?

A

perilipin 1

48
Q

with hormone stimulation (B-adrenergic), perilipin-1 is phosphorylated by?

A

PKA- protein kinase A

49
Q

when perilipin-1 is phosphorylated it gives HSL access to?

A

lipid droplet

50
Q

HSL and perilipin are both phosphorylated during?

A

B-adrenergic stimulation (epinephrine or norepinephrine)

51
Q

what prevents phosphorylation of perilipin-1 and HSL?

A

insulin

52
Q

what else does insulin inhibit as a reminder from before?

A

ATGL

53
Q

describe the steps for HSL phosphorylation

A
  1. hormone attaches to the receptor on the cell membrane
  2. Adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP
  3. cAMP stimulates PKA
  4. PKA phosphorylates HSL (activates it)
54
Q

do muscles contain perilipin-1?

A

no

55
Q

in skeletal muscle, B-adrenergic stimulation does what to HSL?

A

phosphorylates it to its active form

56
Q

what does MGL- monoacylglycerol lipase do?

A

breaks MAG into a FFA and glycerol

57
Q

what can glycerol store?

A

FA and TAG

58
Q

where is glycerol transported to?

A

the liver or other tissues to be phosphorylated

59
Q

what is the enzyme required for glycerol to be phosphorylated?

A

glycerokinase

60
Q

what can carry up to 10 FFA per protein monomer?

A

albumin

61
Q

what are FFA bound to in the blood?

A

serum albumin

62
Q

which enzyme is needed for G-3-P to be converted into DHAP for glycolysis?

A

glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase

63
Q

what is G-3-P used for in this process?

A

store FA as TAG and for phospholipid synthesis

biochem 2 ex. 2 (8 decks)

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