ETS

Question 1

where is the ETS located?

Answer 1

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 2

what is the ETS source of electrons?

Answer 2

macronutrient oxidation

Question 3

for the ETS, the ultimate acceptor of electrons is?

Answer 3

oxygen

Question 4

the proton gradient for the ETS is created by?

Answer 4

passing the electrons

Question 5

ATP in the ETS is created using?

Answer 5

the proton gradient

Question 6

describe the outer mitochondrial membrane

Answer 6

porous

permeable to most ions and small molecules

Question 7

describe the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 7

Convoluted (increased surface area) with folds

impermeable to most small ions and molecules

Question 8

describe the mitochondrial matrix

Answer 8

water full of proteins/enzymes “gel like”

Question 9

what processes are in the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 9

pyruvate dehydrogenase
krebs cycle
B-oxidation
amino acid

Question 10

the ETS coupled with the synthesis of ATP =

Answer 10

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

how much energy does phosphorylation need to create ATP?

Answer 11

-7.3 kcal/mol

Question 12

electrons passed along carriers create what?

Answer 12

proton gradient

Question 13

what are the 5 proteins/complexes of the ETS?

Answer 13

NADH dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Cytochrome reductase (bc1)
Cytochrome oxidase (a + a3)
ATP synthetase

Question 14

in the ETS, the first 4 proteins/complexes do what?

Answer 14

transfer electrons

Question 15

in the ETS, the 5th protein/complex is different from the other 4 how?

Answer 15

5 catalyzes ATP synthesis

Question 16

NADH dehydrogenase transfers electron to?

Answer 16

ubiquinone (COQ10)

Question 17

complex 1 accepts electrons from?

Answer 17

NADH

Question 18

what does FMN (flavin mononucleotide) do for complex 1?

Answer 18

it is bound to the complex and accepts 2 hydrogen atoms from NADH and becomes FMNH2

Question 19

after accepting electrons from NADH, FMN moves those electrons to?

Answer 19

iron/ sulfur centers

Question 20

what is complex II?

Answer 20

succinate dehydrogenase

Question 21

what other cycle is part of complex II?

Answer 21

krebs cycle

Question 22

what is the job of complex II?

Answer 22

oxidize succinate

reduce FAD to FADH2

Question 23

After receiving electrons, complex II transfers them to COQ10 by way of?

Answer 23

iron/sulfur centers

Question 24

what are the 3 cytochrome proteins of the ETS?

Answer 24

complex III, complex IV and cytochrome C

Question 25

what does ubiquinone accept electrons from?

Answer 25

FMNH2 and FADH2

Question 26

FMNH2 comes from which complex?

Answer 26

complex I

Question 27

FADH2 comes from which complex?

Answer 27

complex II

Question 28

how is superoxide formed?

Answer 28

electrons are leaked to oxygen from COQH in the ETS

Question 29

what do all the cytochrome proteins contain?

Answer 29

a heme group (porphyrin ring and iron)

Question 30

complex III -> cytochrome C -> complex IV what does this flow represent?

Answer 30

proton pump electron flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 31

complex III is also called?

Answer 31

cytochrome reductase or cytochrome bc1 complex

Question 32

where does complex III transfer its electrons?

Answer 32

cytochrome C

Question 33

cytochrome C transfers its electrons to?

Answer 33

complex IV

Question 34

are there any protons pumped at cytochrome C?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

cytochrome C is a mobile carrier of?

Answer 35

electrons like COQ10

Question 36

where is cytochrome C located?

Answer 36

in the intermembrane space

Question 37

what are the other names for complex IV?

Answer 37

cytochrome oxidase cytochrome C oxidase cytochrome a + a3

Question 38

what type of center does complex IV have?

Answer 38

bimetallic center- iron atoms and 2 copper atoms

Question 39

in complex IV, what is held between the 2 metal ions?

Answer 39

oxygen

Question 40

in complex IV what is oxygen reduced to?

Answer 40

water

Question 41

what makes complex IV special?

Answer 41

it is the only electron carrier where heme iron can react directly with oxygen

Question 42

when protons flow through a special protein, ATP is created. what is this called?

Answer 42

chemiosmotic theory

Question 43

what is the other name for complex V?

Answer 43

ATP synthase

Question 44

return flow of protons in complex V gives the energy needed for?

Answer 44

ATP synthesis

Question 45

NADH yields how many ATP?

Answer 45

2.5 ATP

Question 46

FADH2 yields how many ATP?

Answer 46

1.5 ATP

Question 47

what is a coupled reaction?

Answer 47

ATP synthesis coupled with electron transport through proton gradient

Question 48

cellular respiration is dependent on the ability to phosphorylate. this is called?

Answer 48

respiratory control

Question 49

oligomycin is an antibiotic that prevents?

Answer 49

ATP synthesis- stops ETS

Question 50

uncoupling proteins occur where?

Answer 50

inner mitochondrial matrix

Question 51

with uncoupling proteins, channels form allowing protons to enter the matrix, when this happens what are the problems that result?

Answer 51

protons don't enter complex V ATP is not produced energy is released as heat brown fat

Question 52

synthetic uncouplers pick up protons in?

Answer 52

intermembrane space

Question 53

what are 2 examples of synthetic uncouplers

Answer 53

2, 4-dinitrophenol | aspirin

Question 54

electrons flow from what to what?

Answer 54

NADH and FADH2 to oxygen

Question 55

electrons flow from the more _____ redox pair to the more _______ redox pair

Answer 55

negative; positive

Question 56

the change in free energy is directly related to the change in?

Answer 56

standard reduction potential

Question 57

can NADH pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 57

NO

Question 58

where else besides the mitochondrial matrix can NADH be formed?

Answer 58

outside the mitochondria

Question 59

what are the 2 shuttle systems used to get electrons to start the ETS?

Answer 59

malate aspartate shuttle | glycerophosphate shuttle