The "Roaring 20's"

Question 1

Changes in public mores

Answer 1

More sexual freedom. Female dress - flappers -behavior

Question 2

Prohibition

Answer 2

The legal act of prohibiting the manufacture, storage, transportation and sale of alcohol and alcoholic beverages.
Nationwide prohibition did not begin in the United States until 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution went into effect

Question 3

The Cities Mature

Answer 3

A. Process beginning in 1890’s, accelerated as time went on

B. Population growth

1. Both during and after WW I
2. Creates large tax base, investment funds allowing for new building both public and private, increased cultural investment

C. Cleveland

1. Building activities - public and private
2. Growth of the suburbs
3. Philanthropy grows - creation in 1919 of Cleveland Community Fund, model for United Way
4. Similar growth in Cincy, Columbus, Toledo, Akron, Dayton, Youngstown, Canton

Question 4

Building

Answer 4

Terminal Tower Building
The Arcade
League Park
Municipal Stadium
Severance Hall and Fine Arts Garden
Akron's Metro Parks
Cleveland's "Emerald Necklace"

Question 5

The Post-War Economy

Answer 5

End of boom - increasing unemployment
Stimulated labor activity - Labor activism
a. Willys-Overland Strike in toledo
b. National Steel Strike
c. “syndicalism”
d. “Red May Day” –1919 - allied invasion of Soviet Russia Whites vs. Reds
Resurrection of KKK

Question 6

syndicalism

Answer 6

is a type of economic system proposed as a replacement for capitalism, which proposes that industries be organised into confederations or syndicates

Question 7

Industrial Response

Answer 7

With government protection hired strikebreakers - “scabs”, esp. African Americans
Paternalism - the system, principle, or practice of managing or governing individuals, businesses, nations, etc., in the manner of a father dealing benevolently and often intrusively with his children
Longer Term
a. Improved technology
b. Geographic diversification

Question 8

Issues of the 1920’s

Answer 8

Prohibition
a.  WCTU 
b. Anti-Saloon League
Rose Law of 1908
Crabbe Act
18th Amendment

Question 9

Issues of there 1920’s

Answer 9

Women s Rights
Victoria Chaflin Woodhall
Ohio Women's Rights Association
19th Amendment
Florence Allen

Question 10

Issues of the 1920’s

Answer 10

Child Labor Reform
Problems
a.  Cultural
b.  Cheap labor
c.  Farmers and Industrialists
1905 Act
1920 Bing Act

Question 11

Warren Gamaliel Harding

Answer 11

Ohio’s last president
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States (1921–1923), a Republican from Ohio who served in the Ohio Senate and then in the United States Senate, where he protected alcohol interests and moderately supported women’s suffrage. He was the first incumbent U.S. senator and the first newspaper publisher to be elected U.S. president.[1][2]

Harding was the compromise candidate in the 1920 election, when he promised the nation a “return to normalcy”, in the form of a strong economy, independent of foreign influence. This program was designed to rid Americans of the tragic memories and hardships they faced during World War I. Harding and the Republican Party wanted to move away from the progressivism that dominated the early 20th century. He defeated Democrat and fellow Ohioan James M. Cox in the largest presidential popular vote landslide (60.32% to 34.15%) since popular-vote totals were first recorded.[3]

Harding not only put the “best minds” in his cabinet, including Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce and Charles Evans Hughes as Secretary of State, but also rewarded his friends and contributors, known as the Ohio Gang, with powerful positions. Cases of corruption, including the notorious Teapot Dome scandal, resulted in prison terms for his appointees.[4] Harding was a keen poker player who once lost on a single hand an entire set of White House china dating back to Benjamin Harrison.[5] But he did manage to clean up corruption in the Veterans Bureau.[6]

Domestically, Harding signed the first federal child welfare program, dealt with striking mining and railroad workers in part by supporting an 8-hour work day, and oversaw a 50% unemployment rate drop.[7] He also set up the Bureau of the Budget to prepare the United States federal budget. Harding advocated an anti-lynching bill to curb violence against African Americans, but it failed to pass. In foreign affairs, Harding spurned the League of Nations and (Congress having rejected the Treaty of Versailles) signed a World War I peace treaty with Germany and Austria separate from the other Allies. His greatest foreign policy achievement came in the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-22, in which the world’s major naval powers agreed on a naval limitations program that held sway for a decade.

In August 1923, Harding suddenly collapsed and died in California. His administration’s many scandals have earned Harding a bottom-tier ranking from historians,[8] but in recent years there has been some recognition of his fiscal responsibility and endorsement of African-American civil rights.[9] Harding has been viewed as a more modern politician who embraced technology and was sensitive to the plights of minorities, women, and labor.[10]

Question 12

Florence “Flossie” Harding

Answer 12

She was known as “The Duchess” - controlling urges her husband into politics. Not very attractive

Question 13

Ohio economy of 1920’s

Answer 13

Very strong, wit one shape downturn in mid-decade, quickly ended by Coolidge tax cuts

Question 14

WCTU

Answer 14

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was the first mass organization among women devoted to social reform with a program that “linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity.

Question 15

Anti-Saloon League

Answer 15

The Anti-Saloon League was the leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century. It was a key component of the Progressive Era, and was strongest in the South and rural North, drawing heavy support from pietistic Protestant ministers and their congregations, especially Methodists, Baptists, Disciples and Congregationalists.

Question 16

Rose Law of 1908

Answer 16

The Rose Law allowed individual communities to put Prohibition issues on their local ballots. If a majority of residents voted in favor of the issue, then saloons could not operate in the community. Many Ohio towns and cities took advantage of the Rose Law to ban the sale of alcohol in their communities

Question 17

Crabbe Act 1919 and 1921

Answer 17

Following the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, the Ohio government implemented stringent measures to enforce Prohibition within the state’s borders. One such law was the Crabbe Act. When Ohio voters overturned the Ohio legislature’s approval of the Eighteenth Amendment, they also rejected the Crabbe Act by approximately twenty-six thousand votes. In 1921, the Ohio legislature approved a new Crabbe Act. This version compensated mayors, justices of the peace, various judges, and other law enforcement officials with additional money beyond their normal pay whenever they arrested, convicted, and fined violators of the Eighteenth Amendment. Many legal officials sought to extend their jurisdiction into nearby cities to arrest and prosecute more violators and to enhance the judges’ paychecks. Ohio voters approved the Crabbe Act by almost 300,000 votes.

Question 18

Continuing prohibition propaganda

Answer 18

High point of prohibition in 1920 when 19 of 20 Ohio congressmen were dry
1930 Robert Bulkley from Cleveland dripping wet elected to Senate - wets win big in Ohio and nation in 1932
December 5, 1933 21st amendment ratified - repealed the 18th amendment
Ohio established the Dept. of Liquor Control and state stores

Question 19

Ohio Department of Liquor Control

Answer 19

In Ohio, the Department of Commerce Division of Liquor Control is responsible for controlling the manufacture, distribution, licensing, regulation, and merchandising of beer, wine, mixed beverages, and spirituous liquor as the law is outlined in the Ohio Revised Code Chapters 4301. and 4303.

Question 20

Victoria Chaflin Woodhall

Answer 20

In 1872 Woodhull was the first female candidate for President of the United States. She was also the first woman to start a weekly newspaper and an activist for women’s rights and labor reforms. Woodhull was an advocate of free love, by which she meant the freedom to marry, divorce, and bear children without government interference.

Question 21

Ohio Women’s Rights Association

Answer 21

After the Seneca Falls Convention in New York in 1848, Ohio women became more and more interested in the subject of women’s rights. A number of conferences met in the years that followed. In 1852, a number of people met in Massillon, Ohio, at the Womens Rights Convention. Participants voted to establish the Ohio Women’s Rights Association, which held its first statewide meeting in Ravenna on May 25, 1853. Anyone who was “interested in equal rights for all human beings in all endeavors” was invited to join the organization.

Question 22

Ohio 5th state to ratify 19th amendment

Answer 22

The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex

Question 23

Child Labor Reform
1905 Act
1920 Act

Answer 23

Child labor standard and cheap
small hands for industrial work
medial jobs on farms
1905 Act forbade employment of children attending school
1920 Act children were to remain in school until 18 unless religious reasons, i.e. Amish

Question 24

Teapot Scandal - Harding

Answer 24

The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1920 to 1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming and two other locations in California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies.

Question 25

Return to Normalcy - Harding

Answer 25

Harding was the compromise candidate in the 1920 election, when he promised the nation a “return to normalcy”, in the form of a strong economy, independent of foreign influence. This program was designed to rid Americans of the tragic memories and hardships they faced during World War I. Harding and the Republican Party wanted to move away from the progressivism that dominated the early 20th century. He defeated Democrat and fellow Ohioan James M. Cox in the largest presidential popular vote landslide (60.32% to 34.15%) since popular-vote totals were first recorded.[3]

Question 26

Cause of the Great Depression

Answer 26

Not the singular affect of the stock market drop of 1929

Spring 1930 stock market back up

Question 27

Causes of Great Depression:

Smoot Hawley Tariff

Answer 27

The Tariff Act of 1930 (codified at 19 U.S.C. ch. 4), otherwise known as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff or Hawley–Smoot Tariff,[1] was an act sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels

Question 28

Cause of great Depression:

Federal Reserve policy

Answer 28

Reduce amount of money in Reserve
lasts throughout the Great Depression
Huge amount of damage

Question 29

Cause of great Depression:

Tax increases

Answer 29

25% to 63%

Question 30

Cause of great Depression:

FDR policy

Answer 30

of keeping wages high

Question 31

Cause of great Depression:

FDR Attack on utility companies

Answer 31

as monopoly

Question 32

Cause of great Depression::

Answer 32

Uncertainty about government policy

Excess profits tax

Question 33

Effects of the great Depression:

Answer 33

Unemployment high greater than 40%
Business failures
a.  banks
b.  industries
Foreclosures - great loses to mortgagers
Shanty towns named "Hoovervilles" emerge full of unemployed men

Question 34

Ohio’s Response

Answer 34

Rubber factories shorten shift to 6hrs from 8hrs
March 1931 General Assembly authorized borrowing
1935 OTS teachers worked for free lived with families
Northside projects i.e. Elizabeth parks opened

Question 35

Ohio Response:

School Foundation Program

Answer 35

During the Great Depression, public schools in Ohio faced a financial crisis. Most schools received their funding through property taxes. Many Ohioans failed to pay their taxes because of the difficult economic times. As a result of people’s failure to pay their taxes, schools had less money to pay educational expenses. Exacerbating the situation, Ohio voters limited taxes on real estate to ten mills, further reducing the funds available to public schools.

To prevent the financial collapse of the public school system in Ohio, the state legislature implemented the School Foundation Program Law in 1935. This law guaranteed every school that had at least 180 students $22.50 for each kindergarten student, forty-five dollars for each elementary school pupil, and $67.50 for each high school student. If these schools offered part-time or evening classes, the schools were to receive forty-six dollars for each of these students. Schools with less than 180 students were guaranteed more money per student than the schools with more than 180 students. One-room schoolhouses would receive $1150.00, while two-room schools would receive $2400.00. The legislature required each school district to enact a property tax of at least three mills to try and meet at least thirty-two percent of the funding requirements for each student. The state was to provide the remaining sixty-eight percent from its own funds, primarily from the State Sales Tax of 1935. If a school could not meet its thirty-two percent requirement, the state government, at the discretion of director of education, would provide additional funding.

The School Foundation Program Law greatly improved education in Ohio. The state legislature now guaranteed school districts adequate funds to educate students, especially during the difficult financial times of the Great Depression. Since 1935, the School Foundation Program Law has undergone tremendous change, resulting in the rise of numerous critics of how schools are funded in Ohio.