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The Rise of American Funeral Undertaking Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the origins of early Funeral Customs in America from?

A

British and Dutch customs

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2
Q

The Virginia Colony was founded for what purpose?

A

it was basically a commercial enterprise.

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3
Q

Describe the FUNERAL customs of the Virginia Colony (SOUTH)

A

They were funeral customs of England

The Anglican church continues to dominate funeralization.

The Anglican church SEXTON had primary control.

Actual preparation and care of the remains were performed within the family.

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4
Q

Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by Puritans, a religious colony exiled from _______ ________

A

Anglican England

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5
Q

Describe the FUNERAL customs of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (North)

A

Established a THEOCRACY that rejected all other creeds except their own.

Embraced the DOCTRINE of FATALISM and rejected an organized clergy

SIMPLISTIC COMMITTAL service and IMMEDIATE INTERMENTS with all preparations of the deceased accomplished within the family. ELIMINATED PRAYERS during the COMMITTAL

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6
Q

Describe the Protestant work ethic.

A

Calvinistic work or starve to death. One must pull their own weight.

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7
Q

During the time of 1600 to 1700, Puritan funeral customs were models of ________ and _______

A

simplicity and Dignity

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8
Q

During the time of 1700 to 1800, an increase in social character and prestige attached to funeralization would result in:

A

Ostentatious funeral practices

  • The skull and cross bone was replaced by winged cherub on grave stones
  • Fatalism and pessimism were replaced by LIBERALIZED CALVINISM
  • The return of lengthy sermons, often printed and attached to coffins
  • Use of GIFTS: rings, scarves, gloves
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9
Q

What is the difference between Under-bearers and Pall-Bearers?

A

Under-bearers carried the coffin.

Pall-bearers carried the pall-sticks

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10
Q

The colonial sexton was charging fees for:

A
  1. announcing the funeral by tolling the bell

and

  1. digging the grave
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11
Q

What state was a Catholic colony and practiced Roman Catholic funerals without fear of persecution?

A

Maryland

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12
Q

Describe the New England WAKE? (north)

A

remains were washed, dressed and placed in a state by family, neighbors or even a nurse.

A coffin was purchased from a cabinet maker; more intricate had “COFFIN FURNATURE” imported from England or Germany

Evisceration and placing of remains in CERE CLOTH (usually wool, heavy canvas) during hot weather

Giving of GIFTS to MOURNERS

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13
Q

Describe the Virginian WAKE? (South)

A

Funerals were under direct control of the ANGLICAN CHURCH and their SEXTON

The British medieval customs of drinking and feasting were carried into the colonies and a new custom of SHOOTING OFF GUNS was added

After 1750, colonies became stable and stability was restored into CHRISTIAN FUNERALS

SPECIFIC GARMENTS for mourners were characteristic of the south. (Formal Funeral Dress)

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14
Q

What is a Monkey Spoon?

A

A DUTCH custom where an ornate spoon often made of silver whose handle was intended to resemble an apostle but looked like an animal because of shoddy engraving.

It was given to pallbearers to commemorate their participation in the funeral.

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15
Q

Dutch funerals were primarily attended by ______

A

men.

there was feasting and drinking and then the estate was divided

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16
Q

What is an Aanspreecker?

A

A DUTCH licensed individual who can direct and oversee all funerals

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17
Q

The Embargo Acts, the Revolutionary War and the British coastal blockage during the War of 1812, forced the northeastern colonies to enter the _________ __________

A

industrial Revolution

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18
Q

After the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, a large influx of non British immigrants, mostly _____________ (__________) arrived with their own funeral customs

A

Germans (Lutherans)

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19
Q

Funeral directing, as a specific occupation, sprang forth after the ______ _____. Prior to then, it was called ________ ___________ which encompassed other tradesman and their efforts.

A

Civil War

Funeral Undertaking

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20
Q

Who were Tradesman Undertakers?

A

British style undertakers

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21
Q

What is a Slumber Couch?

A

A chaise lounge, only one end raised.

was used by Tradesman Undertakers, Nurses and Midwives for display of the deceased until the coffin arrived

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22
Q

Nurses and Midwives would advertise their services as “__________ _____ ___ _____ _____”

A

Layers out of the dead

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23
Q

Who is William Ensign?

A

An independent Patterson, New Jersey undertaker, in 1850 won his court case against the sextons monopoly in his area

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24
Q

Who is the “Inviter to Funerals”?

A

was a licensed position in the colonies and common between 1650 - 1700.

This licensed individual was paid by local government to be sure all were properly buried.

He was the FORERUNNER OF THE CORONER

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25
The Furnishing Undertaker would be a silent backer for others to enter Funeral Directing if all materials were purchased from him. This was the origin of Funeral Suppliers and Manufacturers. However, this would all end after the enactment of what?
The Sherman Antitrust act of 1890
26
During the 19th century in America, three types of burial receptacles were used, chronologically listed.
Prior to 1840: traditional wooden coffin handcrafted in cabinet shop 1840 - 1870: mass production of metallic Fisk mummy case 1870 - 1900: cloth covered wood and metal coffins mass produced by furnishing undertakers
27
Earlier burial methods in colonial America consisted of wrapping the remains in a blanket or at best a cerecloth, "_____ ______", and placing the remains uncoffined in a grave.
Winding Sheet
28
Who is James A Gray?
received the first American patent on a metallic coffin which he produced in his workshop in Richmond, VA
29
Who is John White?
received a patent to make coffins of stone, marble, and hydraulic cement. The patent expired because they were hard to produce and extremely heavy Credited for the first cement burial vault development
30
Who is Almond D. Fisk?
copied the Egyptian sarcophagus style mummy case with folded arms, made air tight of cast or raised metal and patented it in 1848. Anthropoid shape
31
Who is A.C. Barstow?
patented the Ogee Design (front hinged perimeter drop down design) Made the Fisk lighter and less-spacious
32
Who is William Cooley?
first to develop the straight sided coffin. He also used the word "CASKET" to describe his innovation
33
What is the Stein Patent Burial Casket?
Created a glass and wood casket - it was a failure later replaced the glass with fabric and created the wooden cloth covered casket
34
Life signal coffins are also referred to as?
Fraud Coffins
35
Who is Christian Eisenbrandt?
Baltimore inventor who patented the spring loaded coffin
36
Who is Franz Vester?
invented the coffin that consists of a square tube containing a ladder and a cord attached to a bell
37
Who were Resurrectionists?
one who stole bodies from graves to sell to anatomists
38
What is the Clover Coffin Torpedo?
An explosive with a trip mechanism to set it off should the coffin be tapered with by Resurrectionists
39
Who is Jacob Weidenmann?
he protested the high cost of brick and slab. his idea was to place the casket in a wooden rough box on wooden supports in the ground. then completely encase the box in cement
40
Who is Andrew Bibber?
Invented the burial safe. It looked like a shark tank
41
Who is George W. Boyd?
concerned with grave robbers, he developed a design that would dominate metallic vault styles up to present. it consisted of two parts: a doomed iron cover and a floor plate.
42
Modern concrete are top seal, and metal vaults are air seal. The newest plastic or fiberglass vaults are ______ ______
air seal
43
What is a rough box?
it was a cheap wood box used to protect caskets that were shipped by steamboat and railway
44
What are the European customary aspects of preserving the dead by embalming?
- Church did it to create relics - important people for longer display - embalmed so they can hold the body till payment
45
Who is John Good?
developed the first "corpse preserver" (ice), but because of its poor design his patent was allowed to lapse
46
Who is Robert Frederick and C.A. Trump?
two baltimore undertakers who patented the first successful 'corpse cooler'. it consisted of a wicker cooling board and a concave metal ice filled box that went over the torso
47
Who is Charles Kimball?
invented the metal box like refrigerator. it was too cumbersome for funeral service, but was used in hospital and city morgues
48
Who is Howard V. Griffin and R.C. Andrus?
each filed separate patents for a more portable corpse cooling device that fitted various parts of the body
49
What was the name of Holmes embalming fluid?
Inominata ("no name") $3 a gallon never had it patented.
50
What embalming equipment did Holmes have patented?
His Injection Pump Apparatus and his Airtight portable elastic bag (body bag)
51
Who is J. Anthony Gaussardia?
Had the first patent for an embalming process. it consisted of an arsenic-alcohol mixture, then an electrical charge followed by several chemical washings
52
Who is Henry Cattell?
Embalmed both Little Willie Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln
53
Who is Prince Greer?
The first black embalmer
54
The earliest center of embalming in America was in what location?
Washington DC. This is because most of the large civil war battles were located in the surrounding area
55
What department of the Federal government established the first standards in embalming?
The War Department. they required licensing, bonding, and uniform fees
56
Who is Richard Burr?
Trade embalmer during the civil war who was charged with fraud. His actions called for reform in the industry.
57
Who is Hudson Sampson?
Was a contract Government undertaker who established himself after the war and included embalming in his services. also introduced the eight poster, oval decked "funeral car". A very different style than the usual ornate.
58
Who were The Professors?
the title given to the traveling instructors that demonstrated techniques in arterial and cavity embalming, sold fluid and granted diplomas "traveling road show type of instruction"
59
Who is Professor E. H. Crane?
patented and sold Cranes Electro Dynamic Mummifier
60
Who is Professor George M. Rhodes?
Bought the rights from Crane and sold the fluid as Professor Rhodes' Electrical Balm
61
Who is Professor Samuel Rogers?
Sold his fluid called 'Fluid Allekton'. He patented the trocar
62
Who is Professor Felix A Sullivan
Had the largest traveling embalming school. he traveled to England and became the "Dean of Embalmers of the English Speaking People."
63
Who is Dr. Richard Harlan?
Translated Jean Gannal's book "History of Embalming"
64
Who is Dr. Auguste Renouard?
considered the "dean of early embalming instruction". opened his own school in Rochester NY
65
Who is Joseph H. Clarke?
A coffin salesman who was taught by Professor Rhodes and created a 3 week embalming school. its still the oldest mortuary school still in existance
66
Who is A. Johnson Dodge?
Founded his own school and chemical company
67
Who is Dr. William Hartley?
Opened the first Mortuary school in Maryland. It was a 5 week course at Johns Hopkins University
68
What is the Entomology of the word Hearse?
French in nature from "HERSE" but derived from the Latin word HIRPEX meaning RAKE or HARROW - originally a stationary ornate framework
69
What is the Entomology of the word Funeral?
Latin for FUNERALIS meaning torchlight procession.
70
What is a Bier or "Bear"?
a hand stretcher on which uncoffined remains were placed to lie in state or waked and then utilized to transport the remains to the grave.
71
Who are Bearers and Under bearers?
they would be responsible to carry the bier (sometimes a person's bed) to the grave. The four bearers, when exhausted would be relieved by four under bearers.
72
What is James Cunningham & Sons & Company known for?
they featured the first "funeral car" at the New Orleans Cotton Exposition.
73
Crane Breed & company exhibited an elaborate and heavy funeral car at the Chicago World Fair; what was it?
It was a church on wheels. it weighed 2400
74
How did horse drawn hearses change after the civil war?
The pre-civil war hearse was long and rectangular, and pulled by one horse. After the civil war, they were huge in size and required 6 to 8 horses. The were referred to as "Funeral Cars" because of their massive size. They were NOT called hearses
75
Undertakers seemed to buy new funeral vehicles every ____ years
15
76
Funeral Trolley cars were popular in the large cities between 1890 and 1925 but lost favor because of the _________ _____ and the fact that it jolted the mourners
excessive speed
77
What is a Undertaker's Buggy?
name given to the first motorized hearses usually these gas buggy hearses were converted horse drawn carriages
78
Who is Fred Hulberg?
Invented the combined horse drawn hearse trolley car with an automobile power plant. it was 16 feet long selling for $6000. It wouldn't go up hill and no one bought it.
79
Who created the first auto hearse that was not a conversion?
Crane, Breed and Company
80
Adult hearses were what color?
Black
81
Children's hearses were what color?
white.
82
Landau Bars were used to classify hearse styles after what war?
Korean War
83
What various methods do Native Americans practice on their dead?
- Flay of the skin in one piece from an incision down the spine. All viscera, muscle, and fat disposed of. Skin then put back on skeleton and stuffed with sand. - wrapping bodies in animal fur - Tennessee and Mississippi mud mound
84
What tribe was known Charnel Houses and Ossuaries burial pits?
Algonkian Tribe
85
Bronze case line fisks came in what 2 style?
ornamental cloth covered (the most popular)
86
The Zinc shoulder casket was developed by?
Crane, Breed and Company. It was a streamlined coffin.
87
Who developed the first sheet metal casket? and what were the 2 models?
Crane, Breed & Company Oriental and the New Castle
88
The modern garden crypt was developed from _____ ______ vaults
end seal
89
After WW1, Rough boxes were extensively used as ______ _____ because of the many deaths due to influenza
grave liners

Funeral Service Principles (3 decks)

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